Week 8 186

Represents the person's ability to process or retrieve what had previously been acquired

Dehydration, hypoglycemia, fever, infection, hypotension, drug reaction, head injury, vitamin deficiency

Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease, HIV infection, traumatic brain injury, chronic substance use, neurological disorders

-Cognition: impaired memory, judgment, attention, calculations
-Altered level of consciousness
-Activity level: varies, restlessness, sundowning, sleep disruption
-Emotional state: rapid mood swings; can be aggressive, fearful, anxious, paranoid, and may have hallucinations or delusions
-Speech and language: rambling, inappropriate, rapid, incoherent

-Onset: months to years
-Cognition: impaired memory, judgment, attention, calculations, abstract thinking, agnosia
-LOC: not altered
-Activity level: may have sundowning
-Emotional state: flat affect, delusional
-Speech and language: slow and incoherent, repetitious, inappropriate

By the American Psychiatric Association as the disturbance in attention that develops over a short period of time, with an additional disturbance in cognition

Rapid onset of irritability, confusion, tremors, nausea, vomiting, and seizures caused by withdrawal from substances

A wide variety of disorders of cognitive functioning (memory, social skills, reasoning, and intellectual ability), formerly called dementia

New, nonsensical words

-May function fairly well independently, such as driving, engaging in social events, and performing ADLs
-May misplace objects and forget appointments, but the disease is not obvious

-May need increasingly more help from others
-May get more frustrated, confused, angry, and irritable
-Forgetting events or personal history, being withdrawn or labile, having trouble recalling information, being confused about location or time, needing help dressing appropriately, experiencing disrupted sleep patterns, having a tendency to wander or become lost

To make repetitive verbalizations or motions due to cognitive disturbances

To create fabricated or distorted memories

Inability to remember or use words correctly

Inability to perform motor activities even though physical ability remains intact

Inability to recognize objects, even though sensory ability is intact

Inability to read or write

Feeling the need to touch everything in sight

Putting everything in the mouth

Giving family member relief while client is supervised by a professional caregiver

Clients with this diagnosis will have trouble with behavior, cognition, and communication

-Disorder marked by the presence of lewy bodies in the brain
-Core diagnostic features include fluctuating cognition, recurrent visual hallucinations, and spontaneous features of parkinsonism
-Rapid eye movement sleep behavior and severe neuroleptic sensitivity can also be suggestive

Lack of balance, coordination, and clear speech

-Neurocognitive disorder with an insidious onset and gradual progression that occurs in clients who have Huntington's disease
-The HTT gene, located on chromosome 4, is responsible for this disorder

The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan can detect amyloid plaques on the brain of a client who has Alzheimer's disease

-Decreases risk of acquiring Alzheimer's disease
-Oranges, tea, broccoli, spinach, tomatoes, and pears

Music therapy is effective in improving appetite as well as decreasing depression in clients who have dementia

-Impulsive behaviors
-Dysarthria
-Impaired gait
-Irritability

-Depressed mood and apathy
-Shuffling gait
-Hallucinations
-Personality changes
-Daytime sleepiness

An amyloid beta-directed antibody medication known as aducanumab reduces amyloid plaques on the brain

Computed tomography (CT) scan can detect atrophy of the brain, which can indicate frontotemporal lobar degeneration dementia

A genetic mutation causing frontotemporal lobe damage

-Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids promote cognitive function for clients who have dementia
-Examples: green leafy vegetables, fish, and nuts

Weekly blood draws as this medication can cause agranulocytosis and place the client at risk for infection

Clinical observation. There is no laboratory test that can provide a definitive diagnosis of schizophrenia, so observation and ruling out other medical conditions and substance exposure provides diagnosis

Akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, dystonia, impulse control bladder, sialorrhea, sedation, sexual function, orthostatic hypotension, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, metabolic effects, agranulocytosis

-Delusions
-Hallucinations
-Changes in thoughts or behaviors

-Social withdrawal
-Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
-Flat affect

Employment

-The use of cannabis does not cause schizophrenia, but research shows that the THC compound found in cannabis can result in an earlier diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder in clients who already have a genetic predisposition or other risk factors