Final HoP

The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind which is driven by instinctual desires and operates on the pleasure principle

The conscious part of the mind that mediates between the id’s impulses and the demands of the external world

Moralistic and idealistic part of the mind that represents the internalized values and standards of society and the individual’s parents

Joseph Brewer described this treatment method to Sigmund Freud in which the release of pent-up emotions caused neurotic symptoms to disappear

Psychological defense mechanism where individuals make up justifications of excuses for their actions or emotions to reduce feelings of discomfort or dissonance, often without considering the full picture of the impact of their behavior on themselves or others

The most primitive part of the mind operates wholly at an unconscious level. It is the ID, To access unconscious motives in his patients, He used the methods of dream analysis and free association

The Physician who pioneered the use of hypnosis for the treatment of hysteria

Developed the concept of Catharsis in His work with a patient known as Anna O

Archetypes are part of the collective unconscious.

Freud's concept of the "pleasure principle" refers to the id's innate drive to seek immediate gratification of instinctual desires and to avoid pain or discomfort. In contrast, the "reality principle" describes the ego's capacity to navigate the external world by considering the consequences of actions and delaying gratification when necessary to meet the demands of reality and social norms. Essentially, while the id operates on the basis of seeking pleasure and avoiding pain without regard for consequences, the ego balances these impulses with the constraints of reality and social expectations.

Psychotherapist that developed logotherapy

The father of the philosophical movement known as phenomenology

The meanings of the situation as experienced by a person

When findings are true to the lived experience of the participants

Arose from philosophical and humanistic concerns, rather than from physiology or other natural sciences

Existential psychotherapists emphasize the uniqueness of each client

Wrote a controversial book on child-rearing
His famous address at Columbia University in 1913 argued that psychology had failed as a science
Later in his life, he had a career in advertising.

○ Developed operant conditioning.
○ In beyond freedom and dignity, He argued that freedom was illusory.

Developed classical conditioning

Argued that in explaining animal behavior, a higher mental process should not be invoked if the behavior can be explained by a lower mental process

The mechanism for reinforcement was drive reduction

Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. For example, in Pavlov's famous experiment, a bell (neutral stimulus) was repeatedly paired with food (unconditioned stimulus), leading the dog to salivate (conditioned response) at the sound of the bell alone. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened depending on their consequences. An example of operant conditioning is a rat pressing a lever to receive a food pellet (positive reinforcement), which increases the likelihood of the rat pressing the lever again in the future.

Learning and motivation

Clinical, industrial-organizational, school, and counseling

Post traumatic stress disorder

Mental testing

WWII

Intelligence testing’s, job selection testing’s, assessment of shell shock victims

Counseling psychology

Scientist practioner model

counseling psychology

When Carl Rogers describes therapy as non-directive, he means that the therapist should adopt a client-centered approach where the client leads the therapeutic process rather than being directed by the therapist. In non-directive therapy, the therapist creates a supportive and empathetic environment where the client feels safe to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, with the therapist serving as a facilitator rather than an authority figure.

Coined by Kurt Lewin, refers to the use of psychological research to bring about positive social change by addressing practical problems and empowering individuals, groups and communities

A phenomenon where science is used to introduce or maintain beliefs about the superiority of a particular race

(social action research)
Emphasizes characteristics and demands of the situation when looking for behavioral causes in social psychology
Studied reducing discriminatory practices, resistance to religious prejudie, resistance to racial prejudice

Her pioneering research was on sex differences

He says the reason for the transition form racism to cultural bias is that it was due to an influx of more diverse psychologists, especially Jewish Psychologists, who interpretations of the data were different

His citation of the adverse effects of publics school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education marked the first time that a supreme court decision invoked findings from research in psychological science.

Discovered that African american children from segregated schools had lower self-esteem than those in integrated schools

20%

The whole is different from the sun of its parts Characterized by holism, which emphasizes the importance of considering the whole, and nativism, which posits that certain perceptual and cognitive abilities are innate, in understanding perception and cognition

Refers to the fact that uncompleted task are better remembered

Founded gestalt psychology

Important in the history of cognitive psychology because of their development of artificial intelligence

The capacity short-term memory is seven items, plus or minus two

In his development of the widely adopted concept of schema, he utilized a native American folktale entitled "the war of the ghosts"

Computers as ideally suited for modeling human cognitive processes

Dominance of behaviorism

They claim that “scholarly” perspectives in psychology feel “more alive” than “professional” because they were written by practical, successful human beings, not professional experts
They claim that scholarly perspectives on psychology are often not very practical
Both claim that the first step in responding to today’s psychological suffering ought to be broadening the concept of psychotherapy
Both assert that psychologists ought to take seriously William James’ claims that psychology should be the study of a pluralism of everyday experiences

a. Reinforcing tunnel vision
b. Serving corporate interests at human expense
c. Aiding political oppression

United States

a. Losing its coherence as an integrated field
b. As being absorbed into cognitive neurobiology
c. As lost to regressive political positions