TERMS- CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

is the determination of the timing and sequence of operations in the project and their assembly to give the overall completion time.

a basic unit of work as part of the total
project that is easily measured and controlled. It is
also called task. It is time and resource consuming.

a point that is usually the start or finish of a certain activity with zero duration.

the longest continuous path in a network from start to finish. It represents the summation of the durations of activities and lags along that path, taking in consideration calendars, constraints, resources, and other impacting factors. /

an activity that must finish in order for the succeeding activity (s) to start.

an activity that cannot start until another activity (predecessor) has finished.

is defined as a minimum waiting period between the finish of an activity and the start of its successor.

It is defined as the graphic representation of project activities in a time-scaled bar lines with no links between activities.

diagrams may be either activity on arrow (AOA) or activity on node (AON). Both methods indicate the logical relationship between activities and can be used to indicate the shortest completion time and the activities that must be completed on time to ensure the timely completion or the project, the critical path.

The earliest time at which each event may occur based on an arbitrary starting time of zero.

That path through the network which establishes the minimum project duration

(slack in PERT terminology) is the amount of scheduling leeway available to an activity.

is the circle diagram or circle notation, in which each activity is represented by a circle containing the activity description, an identifying number, and the activity duration.

is an extension of the activity-on node format that provides for incorporation of lag-time factors as well as permitting additional precedence relationships.

When all activities are scheduled to start at the earliest allowable time, such a schedule

When all activities are started at their latest allowable starting time

are fixed costs that are incurred each year whether the equipment is operated or not.

are incurred only when the equipment is used.

represents the decline in market value of an item of equipment due to age, wear, deterioration, and obsolescence.

represents the annual cost (converted to an hourly cost) of the capital invested in a machine

represents the cost of fire, theft, accident, and liability insurance for the equipment.

represents the cost of property tax and licenses for the equipment.

represents the cost of rent and maintenance for equipment storage yards and facilities, the wages of guards and employees involved in handling equipment in and out of storage, and associated direct overhead.

is found as the sum of depreciation, investment, insurance, tax, and storage.

represents the cost of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, and filters as well as the labor required to perform routine maintenance service.

represents the cost of all equipment repair and maintenance.

for a construction project includes cost estimating prior to bidding or negotiating a contract, forecasting project income and expenditure (or cash flow), and determining the amount of work that a construction firm can safely undertake at one time Cost

involves estimating the total cost to carry out a construction project in accordance with the plans and specifications.

involves the measurement and recording of project costs and progress and a comparison between actual and planned performance.

is determination that the contractor possesses the both the technical and financial ability to perform the work required by the contract

Under this procedure only those contractors determined to be capable of performing are invited to submit bids for the project.

guarantees that a contractor will provide the required performance and payment bonds if awarded the contract.

guarantees completion of the project as described in the contract documents.

guarantees subcontractors, laborers, and suppliers by the contractor.

are contracts between a prime contractor and secondary contractors or suppliers.

is one negotiated between an owner and a construction firm.

provides a specified payment for completion of the work described in the contract documents

specify the amount to be paid for each unit of work but not the total contract amount.

contain a provision whereby the contract value is adjusted according to a specified price index.

of cost contract pays the contractor
a fee that is a percentage of the project's actual cost.

describes the work to be performed, the
required completion time, contract sum, provisions for
progress payments and final payment, and lists the other
documents making up the complete contract.

contain those contract provisions
applicable to most construction contracts written by the
owner.

contain any additional contract
provisions applicable to the specific project.

the analysis of a design with the
objective of accomplishing the required function at a lower
cost.

The time allowed (expressed as either days allowed or as a required completion date) for completion of a construction project is normally specified in the contract along with the phrase "time is of the essence."

clause in the contract may be used to simplify the process of establishing the amount of damages resulting from late completion.

are drawings that show the location,
dimensions, and details of the work to be performed.

provide the detailed requirements for the materials, equipment, and workmanship to be incorporated into the project.

are drawings, charts, and other data prepared by a contractor or supplier which describe the detailed characteristics of equipment or show how specific structural elements or items of equipment are to be fabricated and installed.

are made at the interval specified in the contract, usually monthly or upon completion of certain milestones.

It is customary to withhold a percentage of the value of work
completed as a guarantee against defective work and to
ensure that the remaining work can be completed within the
unpaid amount of the contract

The usual construction contract contains a clause authorizing
the owner or owner's representative to order changes to the
project within the general scope of the contract. The
document directing such a change

Frequently, it will be found that changes or delay in one activity will necessitate changes in resource allocation or progress on other activities that result in additional project cost.

The list of deficiencies to be corrected which is prepared at the final inspection

is a request by the contractor for a time extension or for additional payment based on the occurrence of an event beyond the contractor's control that has not been covered by a change order.

are disagreements between the contractor and
owner over some aspect of contract performance.

Construction documents that show in graphic and quantitative form the extent, design location, relationships, and dimensions of the work to be done

is a single volume that contains all
written requirements for a building construction project.

constitute that portion of the written requirements for a building construction project that are contained in the divisions of a project manual.

(BIM presents database
that includes design data, drawings, specifications, materials
and systems parameters, and life cycle data, for all the
various disciplines involved in a project and relates those
data to each other and to the project as a whole to present an
overall view of the project

is a process whereby a prime design professional
engaged by an owner, and the design professional's
consultants, prepare bidding documents and issue them to a
group of constructors.

includes such activities as specification development, process control, product acceptance, laboratory and technician certification, training, and communication.

is primarily concerned with the process control function.

is the process of moving soil or rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements of location, elevation, density, moisture content, and so on.

is the ability of a soil to support the weight of vehicles under repeated traffic

is a measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading a soil.

is the bucket volume contained within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket sides.

is the bucket capacity when the load is struck off flush with the bucket sides

assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket.

is the maximum volume that can be placed in the bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of repose for the material in the bucket.

is a very versatile machine that has the longest reach for digging and dumping of any member of the crane shovel family.

are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by swinging or traveling

represents that component of vehicle weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface.

is primarily due to tire flexing and penetration of the travel surface

represents those components of cycle time other than travel time.

represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return

The process of giving natural soils enough abrasive resistance and shear strength to accommodate traffic or design loads is _______________.

is the process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer together, thereby expelling air from the void spaces in the soil

involves dropping a heavy weight from a crane onto the ground surface to achieve soil densification.

is the process of densifying cohesionless soils by inserting a vibratory probe into the soil

placing additional weight on the soil surface, has long been used to densify cohesive soils

refers to the improvement of the engineering properties of a soil by use of physical or chemical admixtures.

the process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation (or grade).

involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specification.

In highway construction, the process of cutting down high spots and filling in low spots of each roadway layer is called ___________.

is the process of bringing each roadway layer to its final grade.

The process of rock moving may be considered in four phases:

___________ is produced by mixing portland cement, aggregate, and water.

The construction operations involved in the production of concrete include

usually weighs from 140 to 160 lb/cu ft (2243–2563 kg/m3), depending on the mix design and type of aggregate used

may weigh from 15 to 90 lb/cu ft (240–1442 kg/m3) and have a 28-day compressive strength from about 100 to 1000 lb/sq in. (690–6895 kPa).

is concrete used in a structure such as a dam in which the weight of the concrete provides most of the strength of the structure.

is made with heavy aggregates such as barite, magnetite, and steel punchings; it is used primarily for nuclear radiation shielding.

is concrete having a slump of 1 in. (2.5 cm) or less

is a measure of concrete consistency obtained by placing concrete into a test cone following a standard test procedure (ASTM C143) and measuring the decrease in height (slump) of the sample when the cone is removed

is concrete that is suitable for high temperature applications such as boilers and furnaces

is concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure

is concrete that will be exposed to view and therefore utilizes special shapes, designs, or surface finishes to achieve the desired architectural effect

There are FIVE PRINCIPAL TYPES of portland cement, classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as
Types I–V, used in construction

is a general-purpose cement suitable for all normal applications

provides better resistance to alkali attack and produces less heat of hydration than does Type I cement, modified/moderate portland cement

provides 190% of Type I strength after 1 day of curing. It also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement during the first 7 days, high early strength cement

produces only 40–60% of the heat produced by Type I cement during the first 7 days. However, its strength is only 55% of that of normal cement after 7 days, low heat cement

provides maximum resistance to alkali attack, sulfate-resistant

is used in concrete to reduce the cost of the mix and to reduce shrinkage.

is required in the concrete mix for several purposes. Principal among these is to provide the moisture required for hydration of the cement to take place.

is the chemical reaction between cement and water which produces hardened cement.

Water / Cement Ratios normally used
range from about 0.40 to 0.70 by weight.

____________ has significantly increased resistance to freezing and thawing as well as to scaling caused by the use of deicing chemicals

increase the slump or workability of a concrete mix. Thus, with a __________________ the amount of water in the mix may be reduced without changing the concrete’s consistency

slow the rate of hardening of concrete.

act in the opposite manner to retarders. That is, they decrease setting time and increase the early strength of concrete.

are used to reduce the heat of hydration, increase the workability, and reduce the segregation of a mix

increase the workability of a mix

is the process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates, and additives prior to mixing concrete.

are truck-mounted concrete mixers capable of mixing and transporting concrete

consists of gravel, crushed stone, or another suitable material larger than
¼ in. (6.4 mm) in diameter.

are materials other than portland cement, aggregates, and water that are added to concrete either immediately before or during its mixing to alter the properties of the concrete in a variety of ways.

Admixtures are used to alter properties of the concrete in a variety of ways

permit a lower water content, improve workability, and increase the efficiency of the portland cement in a mix, which lowers a concrete's cost relative to its performance

are mostly used in concrete that is to be pumped. They produce a mix that flows easily, with no increase in its water content

admixtures that have a retarding effect on the set of portland cement overcome the accelerating effect that temperature has on setting during hot weather and in large masses of concrete, and delay the early stiffening of concrete placed under difficult conditions.

increase the rate of early strength development in concrete.

Because concrete is unable to maintain a particular shape before it sets, it must be placed in a form or mold. In building construction, this form or mold is called ________________.

are made by building a large section of form, as described earlier for centering, and supporting the entire section on deep steel trusses.

is a method of continuously moving a form for vertical structures, such as elevator or stair shafts, upward on jacks as new concrete is placed on top of the old

are rubber or vinyl inserts designed to be placed in concrete joints to prevent water from penetrating the joint.

are often necessary to separate concrete sections and prevent the bonding of one concrete section with another, or to separate a concrete section from another material or structural part so that one can move independently of the other.

Concrete that will be exposed to a combination of wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycling and de-icing chemicals requires the following for durability

water-cement ratio selected should be the lowest value required to meet design requirements such as durability, strength, and impermeability

is one that is readily molded and yet will change its form only slowly if the mold is removed.

The movement of plastic concrete into its final position (usually within forms) is called ______________.

is pneumatically placed concrete, used primarily for swimming
pools and other in-ground and aboveground free-form structures and
for repairing damaged concrete.

Concrete should be compacted by a method appropriate to the material and its location to

Medium- to high-slump concrete should be compacted and worked into place by

Generally, the dry materials used in making quality concrete are heavier than water. Thus, shortly after placement, they have a tendency to settle to the bottom and displace the mixing water to the surface, which is called ______________.

The surface of newly placed concrete is struck off (screeded) by moving a straightedge back and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms and screeds

_____________ is the bringing of a concrete surface to true grade with enough mortar to produce the desired finish

_____________ rounds off the formed edge of a slab to prevent chipping or damage

Except when joints will be later sawed, immediately following or during edging, premolded inserts are placed in concrete slabs to control cracking in the concrete as a result of shrinkage

may be done when the water sheen has disappeared and the concrete will support the weight of the finisher

The purpose of floating is to:

is done on slabs that are to be left exposed or to receive thin finishes, such as resilient flooring, carpet, tile, or paint.

Steel-troweled concrete surfaces are very smooth and become slippery when wet. They can be slightly roughened to produce a nonslip surface by ________________________.

is the breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab to a depth of about 1/6 to 3/16 in. (1.6 to 4.8 mm). It usually occurs at an early age of the slab.

is the occurrence of numerous fine hair cracks in the surface of a newly hardened slab due to surface shrinkage

is the appearance of a powdery material on the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab.

______________________ often based on a polymer-modified asphalt (PMA), is available and has demonstrated high resistance to rutting and cracking as well as to petroleum fuels

which is liquid at room temperature, is created when petroleum distillates are mixed with asphalt cement.

contain particles of asphalt dispersed in water by means of emulsifying agents.

of a liquid is the temperature at which it produces sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of air and an open flame

is capable of spreading, consolidating, and finishing a concrete slab without the use of conventional forms

is a thin coating of light bituminous material applied to a previously paved surface to act as a bonding agent.

is a thin coating of light bituminous material applied to a previously paved surface to act as a bonding agent.

is a light application of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water

is composed of a mixture of slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water

is composed of a light application of a medium-viscosity liquid asphalt covered with fine aggregates.

Single-pass and multiple-pass surface treatments, are made up of alternate applications of asphalt and aggregate.

consists of the demolition of old pavement, recrushing of the pavement material, and reusing it in new asphalt or concrete mixes.

_______________ of a structure supports the weight of the structure and its applied loads.

is the simplest and probably the most common type of building foundation. They include individual footings, combined footings, and mat foundations.

consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure, in order to spread the structure’s load over a large area.

The process of improving soils in place is called _________________.

is nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock

may be manufactured in almost any desired size or shape

(or shell piles) are constructed by driving a steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

are capable of supporting heavy loads, can be driven to great depth without damage, and are easily cut and spliced

are piles made up of two or more different materials.

are piles made up of two or more different materials.

They are a special form of cast-in-place concrete pile in which an enlarged base is formed during driving

simply a column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface

_____________ is a structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation. ______________ may be either open or pneumatic.

If the water pressure exactly equals soil weight, the soil will behave like a liquid and we have a condition called ____________

If the water pressure is strong enough to move subsurface soil up through the bottom of the cut, this condition is called _____________.

Lateral support for the sides of an excavation is usually provided by ______________.

is nothing more than sheeting placed horizontally.

is sheeting of concrete, steel, or timber that is designed to be driven by a pile driver

_______________ are used in place of shoring to protect workers during trenching operations

__________________ is the process of removing water from an excavation

_________________ or the ease with which water flows through the soil, is primarily a function of a soil’s grain size distribution

_______________ is the perforated assembly placed on the bottom of the inlet pipe for a well

are wellpoints that are sealed at the surface by placing a ring of bentonite or clay around the well casing

is the process of accelerating the flow of water through a soil by the application of a direct current

is the process of injecting a grouting agent into soil or rock to increase its strength or stability, protect foundations, or reduce groundwater flow

Slabs may be supported directly by columns without the use of beams or joists

is concrete to which an initial compression load has been applied

places the prestressing material (reinforcing steel or prestressing cables) under tension in the concrete form before the member is poured

places the prestressing steel (usually placed inside a metal or plastic tube cast into the member) under tension after the concrete member has been erected

_______________ is the process of removing air voids in concrete as it is placed

_________________ is the process of bringing the surface of concrete to its final position and imparting the desired surface texture

The five most common pattern bonds are the :

uses only stretcher courses with head joints centered over stretchers in the course below

uses a header course repeated at regular intervals; usually every fifth, sixth, or seventh course

alternates stretchers and headers in each course with headers centered over stretchers in the course below.

is made up of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, with headers centered on stretchers

provides no interlocking between adjacent masonry units and is used for its architectural effect

is a continuously reinforced horizontal beam of concrete or masonry designed to provide additional strength and to prevent cracking in a masonry wall

in masonry walls are used to permit differential movement of wall sections caused by shrinkage of concrete foundations and floor slabs, temperature and moisture changes, and foundation settlement

consists of layers of impervious material used to seal out moisture or to direct any moisture that does penetrate back to the outside

is a graphical schedule relating progress of items of work to a time schedule

The major difference between CPM and PERT is that

PERT utilizes probability concepts to deal
with the uncertainty associated with activity time estimates,

whereas

CPM assigns each activity a single fixed duration.

_________________ format, each activity is represented by an arrow that has an associated description and expected duration

They do not represent any work and, hence, always have a duration of zero

The earliest time at which each event may occur based on an arbitrary starting time of zero

That path through the network which establishes the minimum project duration is referred to as the ________________.

is the amount of scheduling leeway available to an activity.

A simple form of the activity on-node diagram is the ______________

is an extension of the activity-on node format that provides for incorporation of lag-time factors as well as permitting additional precedence relationships

When all activities are scheduled to start at the earliest allowable time, such a schedule is referred to as an ________________.

When all activities are started at their latest allowable starting time, a ______________________ is produced

are fixed costs that are incurred each year whether the equipment is operated or not

Owning costs are made up of the following principal elements:

_____________ however, are incurred only when the equipment is used

represents the decline in market value of an item of equipment due to age, wear, deterioration, and obsolescence

represents the annual cost (converted to an hourly cost) of the capital invested in a machine

represents the cost of fire, theft, accident, and liability insurance for the equipment

represents the cost of property tax and licenses for the equipment

represents the cost of rent and maintenance for equipment storage yards and facilities, the wages of guards and employees involved in handling equipment in and out of storage, and associated direct overhead

is found as the sum of depreciation, investment, insurance, tax, and storage

represents the cost of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, and filters as well as the labor required to perform routine maintenance service

represents the cost of all equipment repair and maintenance

for a construction project includes cost estimating prior to bidding or negotiating a contract, forecasting project income and expenditure (or cashflow), and determining the amount of work that a construction firm can safely undertake at one time

involves estimating the total cost to carry out a construction project in accordance with the plans and specifications

involves the measurement and recording of project costs and progress and a comparison between actual and planned performance

is the determination that the contractor possesses both the technical and financial ability to perform the work required by the contract

Under this procedure only those contractors determined to be capable of performing are invited to submit bids for the project

guarantees that a contractor will provide the required performance and payment bonds if awarded the contract

guarantees completion of the project as described in the contract documents

guarantees the payment of subcontractors, laborers, and suppliers by the contractor

are contracts between a prime contractor and secondary contractors or suppliers

is one negotiated between an owner and a construction firm

provides a specified payment for completion of the work described in the contract documents

specify the amount to be paid for each unit of work but not the total contract amount

contain a provision whereby the
contract value is adjusted according to
a specified price index

_______________ of cost contract pays the contractor a fee that is a percentage of the project’s actual cost

A construction contract consists of the following documents

describes the work to be performed, the required completion time, contract sum, provisions for progress payments and final payment, and lists the other documents making up the complete contract

contain those contract provisions applicable to most construction contracts written by the owner

contain any additional contract provisions applicable to the specific project

is the analysis of a design with the objective of accomplishing the required function at a lower cost

The time allowed (expressed as either days allowed or as a required completion date) for completion of a construction project is normally specified in the contract along with the phrase “time is of the essence.”

in the contract may be used to simplify the process of establishing the amount of damages resulting from late completion

are drawings that show the location, dimensions, and details of the work to be performed

Construction documents that “show in graphic and quantitative form the extent, design location, relationships, and dimensions of the work to be done

provide the detailed requirements for the materials, equipment, and workmanship to be incorporated into the project

are drawings, charts, and other data prepared by a contractor or supplier which describe the detailed characteristics of equipment or show how specific structural elements or items of equipment are to be fabricated and installed

are made at the interval specified in the contract, usually monthly or upon completion of certain milestones

It is customary to withhold a percentage of the value of work completed as a guarantee against defective work and to ensure that the remaining work can be completed within the unpaid amount of the contract. The amount withheld is referred to as ________________.

The usual construction contract contains a clause authorizing the owner or owner’s representative to order changes to the project within the general scope of the contract. The document directing such a change is referred to as a ________________

Frequently, it will be found that changes or delay in one activity will necessitate changes in resource allocation or progress on other activities that result in additional project cost. These costs are sometimes referred to as ____________________.

Delays in the orderly progress of a construction project may result from a
multitude of causes. The three general categories of delay include:

The list of deficiencies to be corrected which is prepared at the final inspection is sometimes referred to as the _______________.

is a request by the contractor for a time extension or for additional payment based on the occurrence of an event beyond the contractor’s control that has not been covered by a change order

are disagreements between the contractor and owner over some aspect of contract performance

is a single volume that contains all written requirements for a building construction project

constitute that portion of the written requirements for a building construction project that are contained in the divisions of a project manual

presents a database that includes design data, drawings, specifications, materials and systems parameters, and life cycle data, for all the various disciplines involved in a project and relates those data to each other and to the project as a whole to present an overall view of the project

is a process whereby a prime design professional engaged by an owner, and the design professional's consultants, prepare bidding documents and issue them to a group of constructors

is a process whereby an architect engaged by an owner, and the architect's consultants, prepare negotiation documents