1NORMAL STRESS

$\sigma = \dfrac{P}{A}
2SHEAR STRESS

$\tau = \dfrac{V}{A_v}
3BEARING STRESS

$\sigma_p = \dfrac{P_p}{A_p}
4TANGENTIAL STRESS or CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS (internal pressure only)

$\sigma_t = \dfrac{pD}{2t}
5TANGENTIAL STRESS
or
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS
(internal and external pressure)
$\sigma_t = \dfrac{(p_i - p_o) D}{2t}
6LONGITUDINAL STRESS
(internal pressure only)

$\sigma_L = \dfrac{pD}{4t}
7LONGITUDINAL STRESS
(internal and external pressure)
$\sigma_L = \dfrac{(p_i - p_o) D}{4t}
8SPHERICAL SHELL

$\sigma_l = \dfrac{(p_i - p_o) D}{4t}
9THIN WALLED HOLLOWSHAFT
SHEAR STRESS
$\sigma=\frac{T}{2tA_m}

10THIN WALLED HOLLOWSHAFT
SHEAR FLOW
$q=\sigma\bullet t=\ \frac{T}{2A_m}$

11TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS
$\tau=\frac{T\rho}{J}\;\;\;\;||||\;\;\;\;\tau_{max}=\frac{Tr}{J}$

12ANGLE OF TWIST
$\theta = \dfrac{TL}{JG} \, \text{in radians}

13Power Transmitted by the Shaft
$P = T\omega = 2\pi T f
14RECTANGULAR MEMBERS -TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS
$\tau_{max}=\frac{T}{c_1ab^2}

15RECTANGULAR MEMBERS-
ANGLE OF TWIST
$\theta=\frac{TL}{c_2ab^3G}

16HELICAL SPRING
APPROXIMATE SHEAR STRESS
$\tau_{max}=\frac{16PR}{\pi d^3}\left(1+\frac{d}{4R}\right)\ \ =\ \frac{P}{A}+\frac{Tr}{J}

17HELICAL SPRING- EXACT SHEAR STRESS (A.M. WAHL FORMULA)
$\tau_{max}=\frac{16PR}{\pi d^3}\left(\frac{4m-1}{4m\ -4}+\frac{0.615}{m}\right)\

18SPRING DEFORMATION
$\delta\ =\ \frac{64PR^3n}{Gd^4}
19SPRING CONSTANT
$k\ =\ \frac{P}{\delta}=\frac{Gd^4}{64R^3n}$
20FLEXURAL STRESS
or
BENDING STRESS
$f_b=\frac{Mc}{I}=\frac{M}{S_x}$
21RADIUS OF CURVATURE
$R\ =\ \frac{E\ y}{f_b}\ \ \ \ =\ \ \frac{E\ I}{M}$

22HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS
or
GENERAL SHEAR STRESS
$\tau=\frac{VQ}{I\ b}

23SPRING DEFORMATION (DERIVIATION)
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26HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS (DERIVATION)
27THIN-WALLED ROTATING VESSEL
$\sigma = \dfrac{ \gamma \, v^2}{g}

28THIN-WALLED ROTATING VESSEL
$\sigma = \dfrac{ \gamma \, v^2}{g}

29$Maximum\ Shearing\ Stress$
Hollow Circular Section
$(\tau_{max})$
$\tau_{max}=\ \frac{4V}{3A}\left(1+\ \frac{D_{o}\ d_{i}}{{D_{o}}^2+{d_{i}}^2\ }\right)$
30$Maximum\ Shearing\ Stress$
Rectangular Section
$(\tau_{max})$
$\tau_{max}=\ \frac{3V}{2A}$
31$Maximum\ Shearing\ Stress$
Circular Section
$(\tau_{max})$
$\tau_{max}=\ \frac{4V}{3A}$
35FOR CALTECH REFERENCE: FIND ALL INDICATED VARIABLE in APPS
KUNG ANO YUNG NASA FORMULA, YUN ANG CALTECH INPUT
!!!! CAUTION !!!!
$\Sigma y^2\ \neq{(\Sigma y)}^2$
36$Product\;of\;Moment\;of\;Inertia$
$I_{xy}=\sum A x y$
$I_{xy}=-n\left(\ x\sigma n\ \ y\sigma n\ \right)$
$ I_{yx}=-I_{xy}$

37Centroidal Moment of Inertia
(COMPOSITE Section)
$I_{\bar{x}} =\sum \left(I_0+A\;d^{2}\right)$
$I_{\bar{x}\ \ }=\sum\left({\ I}_{0x\ }\right)+\ n{(y\sigma n)}^2 $
$I_{\bar{x}\ \ }=\sum\left({\ I}_{0x\ }\right)+\Sigma y^2-\ n{(\bar{y})}^2\ $

38Centroidal Moment of Inertia
(COMPOSITE Section)
$I_{\bar{y}} =\sum \left(I_0+A\;d^{2}\right)$
$I_{\bar{y}\ \ }=\sum\left({\ I}_{0y\ }\right)+\ n{(x\sigma n)}^2 $
$I_{\bar{y}\ \ }=\sum\left({\ I}_{0y\ }\right)+\Sigma x^2-\ n{(\bar{x})}^2\ $

39Centroidal Moment of Inertia
(Composed of RECTANGULAR section ONLY)
$I_{\bar{x}}\ \;\&\;\; I_{\bar{y}}\ =\sum \left(I_0+A\;d^{2}\right)$
$I_{\bar{x}\ \ }or\ \ I_{\bar{y}\ \ }=\ \left(\Sigma x^2\div12\right)+\ n{(y\sigma n)}^2\ $

40$Maximum\;and\;Minimum\ $
$Moment\;of\;Inertia$
$\left(I_{max} \;\&\;\ I_{min}\right) $
$I \ \ \ _{min(-)}^{max(+)}=\ \bar{x}\ \pm\ Pol\ \left(x\sigma n\ ,\ y\sigma n\ \right)$

41WHEN ANALYZING STRESS
(determinate or indeterminate),
CONSIDER THE INTERNAL FORCE
acting on the MATERIAL
WHEN ANALYZING STRESS
(determinate or indeterminate),
CONSIDER THE INTERNAL FORCE
acting on the MATERIAL
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50STRAIN
$\epsilon = \dfrac{\delta}{L}$
51in DETERMINING the NUMBER of BOLTS
in
THIN-WALLED VESSEL
$\sigma_{allow}^{bolt}=\ \frac{F}{{\left(no.\ of\ bolts\right)\ \bullet A}_{bolt}}$
52which PRESSURE VESSEL causes LARGER STRESS
TANGENTIAL STRESS
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS
HOOP STRESS
GIRTH STRESS
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63SIMPLE SHEAR STRESS
$\tau=\ \frac{V}{A_s}$
64SIMPLE SHEAR STRAIN
$\gamma=\ \frac{\delta_s}{L}$

65SHEAR MODULUS of RIGIDITY
REVISED
$G=\ \frac{\tau}{\gamma}$

66SHEAR DEFORMATION
$\delta_s=\ \frac{V\ L}{A_s\ G}$

67GENERAL CONCEPT of STIFFNESS
$k=\dfrac{Force}{Deformation}=\dfrac{F}{\delta}$
___________________________
sample
Torsional Stiffness
$k_T= \dfrac{Torque}{angle\ of\ twist(rads)}
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