TERMS

Identify the state of stress in a material described as follows: Stress and Failure

Highest Ordinate in Stress-Strain diagram

an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase of load

What do you call the retarding force acting opposite a body in motion

It is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

Occurs when the center of mass and rigidity do not coincide

If the structure is subjected to a cycle of stresses and _____, it causes the beam to have sudden ultimate structure.

It is measured by the Richter scale

It is measured by a seismometer

besides the epicenter, it describes the location of the Earthquake

Identify the material property described by the following material: The composite material exhibits elastic properties in one direction different from that in the perpendicular direction

Identify the material property described by the following material: The Material has the same composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all directions

Liquefaction is best described as:

Which refers to the rigidity of a structure

Identify the following: It is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts

It's the point through which the applied seismic force acts

It refers to Flexibility of a structure

One in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above is called

A lateral displacement of one level relative of the level above or below is called ____.

It's the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied force acts

It is the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass

The material has the ability to absorb energy in the Elastic Range

The material has the ability to absorb energy in the Plastic Range

Velocity of the ground during an earthquake

Proportionality of Stress and Strain or the slope of stress- strain diagram
within the elastic range of the material

Ability to absorb energy without fracturing; unlike ductility which focuses on the ability to deform under tensile stresses, impact
or sudden loading

A measure of earthquake size which describes the amount of energy release

Centerline of base, supporting beam and column coincide

The worldwide or local distribution of earthquakes in space, time, and magnitude,
general term for number of earthquakes in a unit time,or for relative earthquake activity

Ability to deform under tenile stress without fracturing,

opposite of brittleness

Centerlines of brace, beams, and of colums, and do not coincide allowing deformation,
therby utilizing ductility

Areas define on map within which seismic design requirements are constant

Deformation of axially loaded members, the ratio of the lateral to the logitudinal strain is constant

Determines whether the body will be in equilibrium or will have a varying state of motion

Point through the seismic force acts

Material has the same composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all directions

Flexibility of a structure

Loss of stresses that takes place as passage of time takes as concrete is held at a constant strain

Stressing high strength steel wires before conrete hardens

Stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region

Besides the epicenter,it describes the location of the earthquake

One in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the stories above

Center of the mass and rigidity do not coincide

A sudden drop in the shear strength of soil

Composite material exhibits elastic properties in one direction and different from that in the perpendicular direction

Ability of the material to absorb energy in a plastic range

Measured by Richter Scale

Measured by seismometer

Materials deforms considerably even in a slight increase in stress

Point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts

Large amplitude vibration of an object or system when a given impulses at its natural frequency

A condition that when there is already a permanent deformation, it continues to deform when a minimal load is applied beyond the elastic range

Structure subjected to a load for a very long period of time, it will continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs

Displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

Long narrow deep trough; marking the line in which the plate bends down into the subduction zone.

Materials can withstand before it breaks or ruptures; completes failure under tension

Structural members and joint by resisting lateral forces by bending

A device which records, writes, or tapes a permanent, continuous record of earth's motion on a seismogram

Materials subjected to plastic deformation. Increase in hardness and strength of a material as a result of plastic deformation, while also decreasing its ductility

Maximum stress or load that a material can withstand before it breaks or fail. Highest point on stress-strain diagram

Plates of the earth's crust move slowly relative to one another accumulating pressure or strain resulting on slippage and complex vibration inducing forces

Measures the energy-absorbing capacity of material under elastic deformation. Maximum amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb without permanent deformation or failure

Ratio of lateral strain to logitudinal strain

One having diagonal braces for stability & capacity to resist lateral forces

Distance that the ground moves from its original position during earthquake

Materials begins to exhibit significant plastic deformation or permanent strain under an applied load; transition from the elastic deformation region to plastic deformation. Stress-strain diagram becomes almost horizontal

Transformation or granular material soil from a solid state into a liquified state as a consequence of increased pore water pressure induced by a vibration

Sinking of a plate under an overriding plate in convergence zone

Exhibits mechanical properties along different mutually perpendicular axes. Material possesses different strengths, stiffness, and thermal expansion coefficient in different directions

Encasement of existing column with steel or kevlar to increase resistance

Acceleration of the ground due to earthquake forces

Exhibits linear elastic behavior. Material will deform under an applied load but it will return to its original shape and size once the load is removed

Modify the period of the building beyond the range of the site period to avoid resonance

Situation in which the ground does not hold together such as land sliding, mud flows, and liquefaction

are caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of another.

is developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct physical contact between the bodies.

All cross sections are the same throughout its length.

has the same physical and mechanical properties throughout its volume.

reflect the probability that the total loading R will occur for all the events stated.

are determined from the probability of material failure as it relates to the material’s quality and the consistency of its strength.

selecting two line segments that are originally perpendicular to one another, then the change in angle that occurs between them is referred to as _______.

slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in a breakdown of the material and cause it to deform permanently.

The stress that causes yielding is called the yield stress or yield point, and the deformation that occurs is called
plastic deformation.

When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by the specimen, resulting in a curve that rises continuously but becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress.

Up to the ultimate stress, as the specimen elongates, its cross-sectional area will decrease.

Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it fractures is called a _______.

Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure are referred to as ________.

As a material is deformed by an external load, the load will do external work, which in turn will be stored in the material as internal energy. This energy is related to the strains in the material, and so it is referred to as ___________.

When the stress reaches the proportional limit, the strain-energy density is referred to as _________.

This quantity represents the entire area under the stress–strain diagram, and therefore it indicates the maximum amount of strain-energy the material can absorb just before it fractures.

The ratio of modulus of toughness to the modulus of resilience.

When a material has to support a load for a very long period of time, it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs or its usefulness is impaired.

When a metal is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture.

A condition where a material break down and deforms permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit.

When the plastic moment is removed from the beam then it will cause ____________ to be developed in the beam.

Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

Rigid horizontal planes used to transfer lateral forces to vertical resisting elements.

The change in volume per unit volume is called the “volumetric strain” or the _________.

It occurs when a building period coincides with the earthquake period.

Rigidity of Structure

It is the space between two adjacent floors.

Wall designed to resist lateral forces acting on its own plane, typically wind and seismic loads.

It is the point where the object “suffers” no torque by the effect of the gravitational force acted upon it.

It is point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts.

It is point through which the applied seismic force acts.

Inverse of stiffness.

Rate at which natural vibration is absorbed.

Instrument use to measure the strain of rock under pressure.

The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which cause shaking of ground due to earthquake.

The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus.

Story drift divided by the story height.

The sideways deflection of a building due to lateral (sideways) loads.

The sideways deflection of axial (vertical) loads.

VERTICAL STRUCTURE IRREGULARITIES

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE IRREGULARITIES

_________________ is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the storey above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories above.

_______________ shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of any storey is more than 150 % of the effective mass of an adjacent storey. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered.

_________________ shall be considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any storey is more than 130 % of that in an adjacent storey. One-storey penthouses need not be considered.

_______________ greater than the length of those elements.

A weak storey is one in which the storey strength is less than 80 % of that in the storey above. The storey strength is the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the storey for the direction under consideration.

(To Be Considered When Diaphragms Are Not Flexible)

Shall be considered to exist when the maximum storey drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the storey drifts of the two ends of the structure.

Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain _______________, where both projections of the structure beyond a __________ are greater than 15 % of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction.

Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50 % of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 % from one story to the next.

Discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements

The vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral force-resisting systems.

Is the force which determines whether the body will be in Equilibrium or will
have a varying state of motion

The principle used in equations related to the deformation of axially loaded material.

That the stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region.

A structural member that has the ratio of its unsupported height to its
least lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used primarily to support axial load.

Retarding force acting opposite of body in motion.

It is the term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain.

Materials which have the same composition/compression at any point.

Material has the same elastic properties in all directions.

Property of a material enables it to under large permanent strains before failure.

Ability of a material to deform/defuse in the plastic range without breaking.

Is described herein loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain.

Ability of a material to absorb energy in the Elastic Range.

Ability of a material to absorb energy in the plastic range or fracture point.

Property of a material which makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed.

Which refers to the Rigidity of a Structure?

The material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes the structure to breakdown ultimately leading to fracture.

When a material has to support a load for a long period of time, what causes it to continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs.

Condition of a material when it breaks down and deforms permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit.

The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without deviation from straight line proportionality between strain and stress

The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a permanent elongation remaining upon complete unloading of the specimen

Slope of the straight line portion of the curve or the ratio of stress over the strain

The ability of a material to deform in the plastic range without breakage or the ability to undergo considerable plastic deformation under tensile load before actual rupture.

A property of a material where if the specimen be unloaded, it will not return to its original length, rather it will retain a permanent elongation sometimes called a permanent set.

The stress at which there occurs a marked increase in strain without an increase in stress

The maximum stress a material is capable of developing

The stress at which the specimen actually breaks.

The property of a material to withstand high stress without great strain

Implies the absence of any plastic deformation prior to failure.

The property of a material enabling it to undergo considerable plastic deformation under compressive load before actual rupture.

The property of a material enabling it to endure high-impact loads or shock loads.

The property of a material enabling high impact loads without inducing a stress in excess of the elastic limit.

Ratio of the failure stress to the allowable stress.

The condition that renders the load resisting member unfit for resisting further increase in loads.

The tensile stress that develops on the diagonals surface.

Is one having a relatively large tensile strain up to the point of rupture

Is one having a relatively small tensile strain up to the point of rupture

The rate of change of stress with respect to strain

The ratio of the ultimate or tensile strength to specific weight that is the weight per unit volume.

Ratio of the Youngs modulus to the specific weight.

One having the same elastic properties in all directions at any one point of the body.

Is a ground mounted – device which measures the actual displacement of the ground with respect to a stationary reference point.

It is the oldest useful measure of an earthquake’s strength which is based on the damage and other observed effects on people, buildings and other features.

Forces generated by a body in motion