quiz 8

collective expression of attitudes about the prominent issues and actors of the day

nonscientific method of measuring public opinion

sample that includes all the significant characteristics of the total population

measure of possible error in a survey, which means that the # for the entire population of voters will fall within a range of plus or minus several points of the number obtained from the small but representative sample of voters

strategy required for a valid poll whereby every member of the population has an equal chance of appearing in the sample

bias in a survey whereby a particular set of people in the population at large is more or less likely to appear in the final sample than other sets of people

polls used by the media to track the support levels for candidates over time

polls that question voters as they leave the voting booth to predict the outcome of an election

process by which people learn about the world of politics

socialization patterns in which a generation of adults who grew up during a certain decade or period appear to have their own outlook, differentiating themselves from the previous age

difference in the political opinions of men and women

political perspective based on core values, political ideology, culture, and lifestyle

coherent way of viewing politics and government. ideological perspectives inclue beliefs about the military, the role of government, the proper relation between governmentand the economy, the value of social welfare programs, and the relative importance to society of liberty and order

intellectual frameworks for evaluating the world

psychological orientation or long-term propensity to think positively of and vote regularly for a particular political party

shift in fundamental party identification and loyalty caused by a significant historical events or national crisis

in public opinion, a measure of the depth of feeling associated with a given opinion

in. public opinion, the extent to which people see an issue as having a clear impact on their lives

in public opinion, unspoken feelings, suggesting the potential for an attitude or behavior, but only when the right circumstances occur

unequal treatment based on race, ethnicity, gender, and other distinctions

equality before the law. it disallows legally mandated obstacles to equal treatment, such as laws that prevent people from voting, living where they want to, or taking advantage of all the rights guaranteed to individuals by the laws of the federal, state, and local governments

equality of results, which measures real-world obstacles to equal treatment.

laws restricting the civil rights to African Americans

the right to vote

action taken by state officials or sanctioned by state laws

laws passed by southern states that separated the races in public places such as railroads, streetcars, schools, and cemetaries

fee that had to be paid before one could vote; used to prevent African Americans from voting; now unconstitutional

a system in which employers advance wages and then require workers to remain on their jobs, in effect enslaving them, until the debt is satisfied

elimination of laws and practices that mandate racial separation

government efforts to balance the racial composition in schools and public places

breaking the law in a nonviolent fashion and being willing to suffer the consequences, even to the point of going to jail, in order to publicly demonstrate that the law is unjust

refusal to patronize any organization that practices policies perceived as politically, economically, or ideologically unfair

march in which people walk down a Main Street carrying signs, singing freedom songs, and chanting slogans

a protest technique in which protestors refuse to leave an area

civil rights activists who traveled throughout the American south on buses to test compliance with the Supreme Court's mandate to integrate bus terminals and public facilities accommodating interstate travelers

existence of racism in society and government, in either the institutions or its structures, that is so embedded and normalized that it makes it impossible for equal and neutral policies to be adopted and implemented

programs that attempt to improve the chances of minority applicants for jobs, housing, employment, or education by giving them a "boost" relative to white applicants with similar qualifications

idea that "people should have equal rights and opportunities to develop their talents"

idea that all forms of inequality, including economic disparities, should be completely eradicated; this may mean giving certain people a starting advantage so that everyone has fair chances to succeed

programs that guarantee a certain percentage of admissions, new hires, or promotions to members of minority groups

prejudice based on sex or gender, often involving discrimination against women in particular

test in court cases of what reasonable people would agree to be constitutional because the law has a rational basis for its existence

test of laws that discriminate on the basis of a characteristic "immutable by birth" such as race or nationality; in such cases, the burden shifts from the plaintiff to the state, forcing the gov. to show the compelling reasons for the law

middle level standard that would force the state to prove more than just the reasonableness of a law, though not its compelling nature, in order to justify it