Anthro 1 test 1190

coined "survival of the fittest" and applied evolutionary theory to societies

developed unilinear evolution stages: savagery, barbarism, civilization

emphasized class conflict as a driver of social change

father of Historical Particularism and critic of unilinear evolution

introduced the concepts of the Neolithic and Urban Revolutions

developed multilinear evolution and cultural ecology

proposed bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states as stages of political organization

developed ideas around systems theory and multivariant causality

co-authored Dual Processual Theory (network vs. corporate strategies)

revised cultural evolution with focus on empirical data and multilinear paths

associated with feminist archaeology and gender in archaeology

challenged traditional views of power and gender in archaeology

key figure in post-processual archaeology

focuses on power, sovereignty, and the formation of political authority

refers to the scale, integration, and hierarchy within a society

often seen as a driver of social complexity and state formation

first stage in Morgan's unilinear evolution model

intermediate stage in Morgan’s evolution model

final stage in Morgan's model, marked by writing and cities

central to Marxist theory of societal change

judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own

two opposing explanations for social organization

concept from systems theory, viewing society as interconnected parts

Dual Processual Theory explaining different leadership approaches

shift from foraging to farming and domestication

transition from village to city life with state-level organization

debate between symbolic vs. material causes of change

how societies adjust to environmental and social conditions

a stable state in a social system

factors that disrupt societal stability and prompt change

dimensions used to assess complexity

outlining what happened

why and how something happened

reliance on a wide variety of food sources

human control over plants and animals for food

centralized government, social stratification, surplus production

small, mobile, egalitarian groups

natural surroundings in which human societies develop

study of interactions between humans and their environment

population, hierarchy, specialization, monumentality

include stability, infrastructure vs. inequality, coercion

small, kin-based group with egalitarian structure

larger, kin-based group with informal leadership

ranked society with centralized leadership under a chief

centralized, stratified society with formal institutions

a state that has expanded to rule over diverse territories and peoples

study of human past through material remains

method of locating archaeological sites on the landscape

systematic digging to uncover archaeological remains

monuments, writing, cities, social stratification

Ice Age period before 11,700 years ago

current geological epoch, began after the Pleistocene

cold periods with ice sheets covering much of the earth

Middle Stone Age, transitional period before farming

beginning of agriculture and permanent settlements

shift from foraging to farming villages

economy based entirely on domesticated plants and animals

era of farming villages and increased sedentism

early Neolithic site with walls and towers, indicating complexity

pre-agricultural society in the Levant with sedentary villages

region with early evidence of plant and animal domestication

early farming culture in the Zagros region

Natufian site with stone houses and early sedentism

region of early agriculture in the Near East

early farming village in Iran

Zagros site with evidence of goat domestication

early Neolithic site in northern Iraq

idea that societies progress from simple to complex

single path of development from savagery to civilization

Boas’s idea that each culture has its unique history

different societies evolve in different ways

views society as an interconnected, adaptive system

multiple causes for cultural change

network and corporate strategies as paths to leadership

focus on human actions in shaping society

emphasizes the role of agency and interaction in power

interpretive approach focusing on meaning, ideology, and agency