3.3.4 MASS TRANSPORT

Made up of 4 polypeptide chains with each having a haem group and these have an iron ion which can bind with one oxygen

how likely haemoglobin is to load with oxygen

binding of oxygen to haemoglobin

releasing oxygen

Expresses that oxygen is loaded in regions with high partial pressure of oxygen and is unloaded in regions with low partial pressure

High:Lungs
Low: respiring tissues

the binding of the first oxygen changes shape of haemoglobin making it easier for other oxygens to bind

high carbon dioxide concentration causes curve to shift to the right since affinity decreases as acidic CO2 changes shape of haemoglobin slightly

Foetal and llamas: Have higher affinity

similiar to haemoglobin but its one haem group has very high affinity and acts as 02 reserve for muscles

blood passes through heart twice in one cycle. Once oxygenated and once deoxygenated

To control blood pressure:
In lungs pressure decreases to prevent damage to capillaries and give more time for gas exchange.
Oxygenated blood needs higher pressure to go around the body quicker

Thick muscle in heart that is:
myogenic - can contract/ relax without any stimulation
Doesnt fatigue if it has oxygen

Supplies cardiac muscles with oxygenated blood

Left/ right atrium: Thinner elastic walls
Left/ right ventricle: Thicker walls to create pressure but left is thicker

Vena cava - carries deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium
Pulmonary vein: Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest body
Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

pulmonary valve: To pulmonary artery
aortic valve: To aorta
Tricuspid: right side of heart (biology wise)
Bicuspid: left side of heart (biology wise)

Wall that separates the deoxygenated blood from the oxygenated blood

SYSTOLE = Period of contraction
DIASTOLE = Period of relaxation

-Blood enters RIGHT atrium increasing its volume and pressure
-Atrium and ventricles relax

1)Walls of atria contract
2)This increases its pressure and decreases volume
3)Atriums pressure now higher than ventricles
4)AV valves open and blood moves into ventricles

1)Walls of ventricle contract
2)This increases its pressure extremely and decreases volume
3)AV valves close and semi lunar valves opens
4)Blood moves into arteries and out of heart

Volume of blood that leaves ventricle per minute
Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

Movement of fluid from region of high pressure to region of low pressure. Passive

Liquid surrounding cells and is bridge between blood and cells
Contains water,glucose, oxygen, ions etc

Process of which small molecules pass out of arterial end by high hydrostic pressure from high water potential to low water potential. Large molecules stay.

Pressure is low in venous end and has low water potential due to proteins(etc) so tissue fluid which now has waste products diffuses back in capillaries

Excess tissue fluid is absorbed by lymphatic vessels which returns it back to circulatory system to the veins

swelling caused by excess tissue fluid

Malnutrition(decrease protein conc)
Increased blood pressure
Damaged capillaries(increase protein conc)
Blockage of lymph vessels

evaporation of water from plant leaves

Humidity
Air flow
Light intensity
Temperature

Theory of how water can move from roots to leaves due to COHESION,ADHESION AND ROOT PRESSURE

1)Water evaporates out of stomata decreasing pressure
2)This leads to more water pulling up
3)Since they're cohesive it forms a column of water in xylem
4)Water also adheres to xylem helping to pull upwards and this creates tension

Sieve tube elements
Companion cells- provide ATP

1)Source cell has lots of sucrose so FD into companion cell
2)H+ is actively transported into cell walls by companion cell
3)Forms gradient so H+ diffuse by co transporter which also transports sucrose into sieve tube elements
4)Increase of sucrose in sieve tube decreases WP and so water enters from xylem
5)This increases hydrostatic pressure pushing sucrose down
6)Sucrose actively transported into sink cell, decreasing WP
7)Results in osmosis of some water in sink cell decreasing hydrostatic pressure

Smaller than arteries and connect arteries to capillaries

Connect arterioles to veins

Thick muscle layer so can constrict/dilate to control volume of blood flow(WITHSTAND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)
Thick elastic walls compared to veins to maintain high blood pressure so blood can reach all of the body BY stretching and recoiling(bounce back)
No valves

Thin muscle layer so can't control blood flow(as they carry blood away from tissues)
Thin elastic walls as blood pressure is alot lower
Has valves

No muscle and elastic layer so thin membrane so fast diffusion
Lots of them and branches so high SA
Narrow lumen barely fitting RBC lowering blood flow

Thicker muscle layer(compared to arteries) to restrict blood flow more to the capillaries
Thinner elastic layer as pressure is lower
No valves