Week 1

Investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

The ____ ____ into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Research begins with a ______ in mind

distinct characteristics of a researcher

troubleshoot during unexpected scenario

use available technologies

time and skill

willingness of the researcher to serve others, to do good

intra (within) and extra (outside) group

Considering options

researchers subscribes to the idea that everything should be quantified to produce meaningful concrete results.

researchers believe that experience expressed through words can paint a better picture of a certain phenomena.

researchers supports the idea that research should be conducted to increase quality of life and produce better societies.

researchers promotes the use of both qualitative and quantitative data in expressing research findings.

1st Phase in Research Progress

3st Phase in Research Progress

Identify the Phases of Research Progress:

- concept making

Identify the Phases of Research Progress:

- planning

Identify the Phases of Research Progress:

- data collection

Identify the Phases of Research Progress:

- data analysis/interpretation

Identify the Phases of Research Progress:

- utilization

approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.

approach for testing objective theories by examining relationships among variables.

inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data and integrating the two forms of data.

Manuscripts are written in by-chapter

- IMRAD (Introduction-Method-Results-Analyzation-Discussion)
- American Psychological Association (APA, &7th Ed. Standards)

How many words does OLFU-RDIC range

Outline of the Manuscript (6)

Quali vs Quanti

The aim is completely detailed description

Quali vs Quanti

The aim is to construct a statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed

Quali vs Quanti

Researchers may only know roughly in advance what they are looking for

Quali vs Quanti

Researchers already know what they are searching for

Quali vs Quanti

Researcher is the data-gathering instrument

Quali vs Quanti

Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or laboratory equipment to collect numerical data

Quali vs Quanti

Data is in form of words, picture or object

Quali vs Quanti

Data is in form of number and statistics

Quali vs Quanti

More time consuming and less able to be generalized

Quali vs Quanti

More efficient, able to test hypotheses but may miss contextual detai

• Statistical, mathematical, or computational methods
• Expressions are in numerical forms, Objectivity of data

(2) Kinds of Quantitative Research

(2) Branch of Experimental Research

(7) Branch of Non-Experimental Research

(2) Survey Research

a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be *manipulated* by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated, and compared.

Researchers measure variables as they naturally occur *without any further manipulation*. This type of research lacks manipulation of a variable. Data is collected through surveys or structured interviews, observations, review of documents.

• Involves random assignments of the subjects (Creswell, 2014)
• The researcher has control over the experiment

• Uses non-randomized assignment (Creswell, 2014)
• Depends on how the participants were recruited for the study, if there’s no randomization in the sampling procedure then it becomes automatically quasi-experimental

Most used type of non-experimental research especially in the field of social science

The _____ is the most common method used for quantitative and be in a form of questionnaire or interview.

collects data from a population or subset population through observation, survey or interview **at a specific point in time**.

collects data through observation, survey or interview of the same subjects **over a period of time** up and can last up to several years.

- Used to determine the relationship between two variables among a single group of people.
- Only describe the relationship, not the cause and effect
- Could be positive correlation or negative correlation

- Derived from experiences and **events that have already taken place in the past** and now applied to certain dependent variables.
- Explains **why a phenomenon happens**, and how.

- Examines the difference between variables
- Used depending on the research question of the study
- Comparisons are based on descriptive data, showing that a difference exists but does **not imply causation**.

Defines the characteristics **standard level for a given behavior**.

- Used to **assess what occurred during a specific incident** or in an organization.
- The aim of the **assessment is to see if a particular system works**, and if it performs according to the objectives set for it or if the original objective is successfully achieved.
- Desirability or **effectiveness of a mechanism** can be.

- **Implementing a range of methodologies** in this approach forms a vital part of **achieving the objective of creating a matched approach to scale**, where data from various disciplines can be combined