1the study of constancy and change from conception through adolescence
child development
2child development is _,_, and _
scientific, applied, interdisciplinary
3domains of development
physical, cognitive, and emotional/social
4physical domain of development
body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body ststems, perceptual/motor capacities, physical health
5cognitive domain of development
intellectual abilities
6emotional and social domain of development
emotional communication, self understanding, knowledge of others, interpersonal skills, relationships, wnd moral reasoningehavior
7periods of development
prenatal, infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence
8prenatal
conception to birth
9infancy and toddlerhood
birth- 2yo
13an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
theory
14basic issues in development
continuous or discontinuous?[mixture], one course of development or many?, relative influence of nature and nurture?[both]
15unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
contexts of development
16example of contexts of development
things that come more natural like muscle mass and hand-eye coordination
17how is development determined?
neither genetics or environment necessarily determine development
18nature
gene: hereditary info [recieved from parents at birth
19nurture
physical and social forces: the way we are raised, which influences biological makeup and psychological experiences
20lifelong persistence of individual characteristics established by hereditary or early experiences [remains constant]
stability
21openness to change in individual characteristics in response to influential experiences [adapt to environment and things that happen]
plasticity
22what view have theorists shifted toward on basic issues?
balanced perspective
23what perspective do researchers take on developmental systems?
a perpetually ongoing process that is molded by a conplex network of geneticiological, psychological, and social influences
24t or f?: genetics can influence behavior but not necessarily determine behavior
true
25what happens if we stop developing?
it means cells are no longer multiplying, resulting in death
26the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development [maintain a base line of stability through adversary events]
resilience
27factors in resilience:
personal characteristics, warm parental relationship, social support outside family, and community resources and opportunities
28the study on behavior and cognitive function
psychology
29[Darwin] principles of natural selection and survual of the fittest
evolutionary theory
30[hall and gesell] development as a maturational process; age related averaged from large studies of children represent typical development
normative approach
31[binet and simon] early developers of intelligence testing; sparked interest in individual differences in development
mental testing movement
32who born the three parts of the personality
freud
33three parts of the personality:
Id, Ego, and Superego
34Id
largest portion of mind, unconscious [present at birth], source of biological needs/desires
35Ego
conscious [rational part of personality], emerges in early infancy, redirects id impulses acceptably
36Superego
conscience, emerged between 3-6yo, develops from caregivers insistence on conformity yo society’s values
37erikson’s psychosocial stages:
basic trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion
38basic trust vs mistrust:
birth-1yo
39autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3yo
40initiative vs guilt
3-6yo
41industry vs inferiority
6-11yo
42identity ve role confusion
adolescence
43associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response
classical conditioning
44influencing the frequency of a behavior by following it with reinforcers or punishment
operant conditioning
45application of behaviorism to explanation if the development of social behavior
social learning theory
46who had the most influential approach to social learning theory?
albert bandura
47t or f?: according to social learning theory, through imitation and feedback about worth of own actions, children develop personal standards for behavior and sense of self efficacy
true
48contributions of behaviorism and social learning theory?
helpful in treating adjustment problems, applied behavioral analysis uses procedures of conditioning and modeling to change behavior
49limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory?
narrow view of environmental influences, underestimation of individuals’ contributions to their own development
50piaget’s four stages of cognitive development:
sensimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
51sensimotor:
birth-2yo; infants use their senses/movement to explore the world and invent ways of solving sensimotor problems
52preoperational:
2-7yo; preschoolers use symbols and develop language and make believe play, but thinking isnt logical yet
53concrete operational:
7-11yo; childen’s reasoning becomes logical and better organized, but only with concrete information given
54formal operational:
11+; abstract/systematic thinking enables adolescents to deduce inferences from a hypothesis and test them. adolescents are able to evaluate logic of verbal statements
55information processing:
human mind alike to computer system, use of flowcharts to map problem solving steps, development as a continuous process
56relationship of changes in the brain to cognitive processing and behavior
developmental cognitive neuroscience
57what does developmental cognitive neuroscience draw on?
psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine
58relationship of changes in the brain to emotional and social development
developmental social neuroscience
59developmental social neuroscience is interested in:
adolescent risk taking behavior, impact of extreme adversity, wnd neurological bases of autism
60an optimal time (biologically) for certain capacities to emerge
sensitive period
61what happens in a sensitive period?
individual is more responsive to environmental influences, boundaries are less well defined than those of critical period
62focuses on how culture (values, beliefs, customs, skills) is transmitted to the next generation
vygotsky’s socioculture theory
63t or f: in vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, cooperative dialogue with more knowledgeable members of society are necessary for children to aquire their culture
true
64does chaotic home life interfere with healthy development?
yes
65family chaos is linked to multiple factors, including:
economic disadvantage, harsh/lax parental discipline, excessive workplace pressure on parents
66_ and _ supports can help prevent escalating demands on families
exosystem; macrosystem
67psychoanalytic perspective
discontinuous, one course development, both nature/nurture
68behaviorism and social learning theory
continuous, many possible development courses, emphasis on nurture
69piagets cognitive developmental theory
discontinuous, one course development, both nature/nurture
70information processing
continuous, one course development, both nature/nurture
71ethology anf evolutionary developmental psychology
both continuous/discontinuous, one course development, both nature/nurture
72vygotsky’s socioculture theory
both continuous/discontinuous, many possible developmental courses, both nature/nurture
73ecological systems theory
not specificed, many possible developmental courses, both nature/nurture
74dynamic systems perspective
both coninuous/discontinuous, many possible developmental courses, both nature/nurture
75prediction drawn from a theory [testable, while theories are not]
hypothesis
76activities of participants
research methods
77overall plans for research studies
research designs
78systematic observation:
naturalistic observation, structured observation
79clinical interview:
flexible conversation to probe participant for pov. advantage: reflects everyday thinking,mass amount of info in short time. disadvantage: may be inaccurate reporting
80structured interview:
each participant asked same question, same way. not as in depth as clinical interview. disadvantage: limited data collection
81clinical [case study] method:
brings wide range of info together including interviews, observations, test scores.
82which method is well suited to study individuals who are few in number but vary widely in characteristics, like prodigies
case studies
83participant observation of a culture or distinct social group
ethnography
84ethnography is a mix of…
observations, self reports, interpretations by investigators
85investigators
researchers
86disadvantage of ethnography:
observing selectively, misinterpret what they see, cannot generalize
87what is the problem with observations?
they are subjective with different conclusions
88correlatinal research design
gathered info on individuals with unaltered experiences to reveal relationships between characteristics
89describes how two variables are associated with each other
correlarion coefficient
90correlation DOES NOT equal what
cause and effect
91experimental research design
participants randomly assigned, cause and effect inferences permitted, findingint may not apply to everyday situations
92indepent variable:
manipulated, expected to cause a change
93depenent variable:
not manipulated, measured, expected to be influenced by independent variable
94same participants studied repeatedly as they age
longitudinal
95particupants of differing ages studied at the same point in time
cross sectional
96several similar cross sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences) conducted at carying times
sequential