Midterm

Yellow River Valley Place of origin for early Chinese civilizations. Devastating floods, but the people managed to build irrigation systems and cultivate simple crops like wheat, millet and rice. Had silkworm cultivations, bronze weaponry and ideograph format of writing.

the New Stone Age; the time period after the Paleolithic Era, marked by the use of tools, finer tools, agriculture, pottery. Neolithic societies: Yangshao and Longshan. Early form of Chinese written language, clan organization, reverence for ancestors, hierarchy, rammed-earth construction, beginning of bronze technology, realtions (trade + war) with neighboring people

Obsidian trade routes in NE Asia, trade done on land and by sea often around the islands of Japan. Possibly shows trade with Japan

Black pottery, copper, etc. Replaced Yangshao. Worse health. Hierarchy of settlements. Warfare (moats +walls around cities). Social hierarchy. Institutionalized violence (human sacrifice). More hierarchy, warfare, human sacrifice, and more land than Yangshao. Sapulimancy (a form of divination involving cracked bones (shoulder blades) and plastromancy (uses tortoise shells). Start of bronze technology

Developed along the Yellow River Valley, central plains, which ancient chinese considered as the place where their civilization originated. Agriculture (millet). Temporary villages, moved for better farming. Egalitarian (class wise). Shamanism? Children's burials show hereditary classism. Distinctive red pottery.

Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians. The era has been associated with the domestication of animals, agricultural development, the gradual replacement of stone implements with bronze, and the formation of larger tribal confederacies.

A "cultural hero". He invented many new things like the wheel, the boat, the calendar, medicine, and tools. His wife, Leizu, made silk and sericulture

mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. Bronze Age. Oracle bones (scapulimancy) with origins of Chinese writing on it, directed to Di (supreme deity) and royal ancestors, king was involved in divination. Social stratification, political hierarchies, complex division of labor, central resource management, art, writing calendar, organized violence, bronze vessels and weapons, human sacrifice, grain was sotrable, measurable, long lasting, weighable, and transportable, massive use of labor, great tombs.

Chinese word for king or ruler. Involved in divination

Supreme deity. Oracle bones directed to Di

Scapulimancy. one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods. The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Shang oracle bones were directed to Di and the king was involved in the process of divination.

Bonze vessels and weapons during the Bronze age (Shang Dynasty). Creation of bronze took a lot of resources. Bronze mostly used for sacrificing food/drink to ancestors and mostly used by the elite.

King Wu defeated Shang. Kinship feudalism, several states. Many farming families and nomads. Rituals for social solidarity and heirarchy. Correlative thought. Mandate of Heaven. Regionalism + earthquake + Rong nomad invasion = capital taken and end of Western Zhou.

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. You must be an ethical ruler to keep the mandate, could be influenced by natural disasters

Confucian model of a perfect servant, observing law over family benefit. This person takes over the throne after King Wu dies, because King Wu's son is too young to take over. This person is known as a "paragon of virtue". (Metal Bound Box) Filial piety

The classical literature of the time preceding Confucius, including poetry, history, and divination. The five canonical works of Confucianism designated in the Han Dynasty. They are Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Changes, Record of Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals.

Example of Zhou literature, this book serves as a manual of diviners. Yin and Yang

two forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force. Must be in balance

Capital now at Luoyang. Philosophy: confucianism and Daosim began with Confucius, Mencius, and Zhuangzi. Less power and relevance of kings, kinship feudalism and bureaucracy continued. Multi-state system. States began fighting with each other. Feudal lords lose power. Iron and irrigation start to be used for agriculture. War becomes more large scale (infantry, iron and crossbow used in war)

1st phase of Eastern Zhou try to regain political authority by connecting with ethnic groups. Iron and irrigation developed. Military technology improved (chariots, crossbow, iron, infantry)

Turbulent time period between Zhou and Qin (+ other states) marked by civil war and disunity. Wars carried out on a much larger scale than before (infantry). Philosophy important (Confucianism, Daosim, Legalism)

Used in the Zhou Dynasty, declined by the Eastern Zhou. A feudal state consisting of a number of states whose rulers accepted the overall authority of the kings. Enoffed nobility. Kinship was used because members of the royal family were sent to occupy feudal states through marriage.

A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Minor aristocrat from the state of Lu. Advisor/teacher

The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism. Filial piety, virtue, benevolence, "the gentleman", the Way, Dao, rites and decorum. A record of the words and acts of Confucius.

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Benevolence, filial piety.

The Way. Nameless and full of potential to the Daoists. The proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven.

Mythical figure who supposedly lived during 6th c BCE. Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. Embrace change, keep people simple minded and satisfied. Naturalness + simplicity.

Daoist text, supposedly by Laozi. The Daoist approach to the Way was to see it as an ever changing part of life that should be used to keep people ignorant and content.

Daoist concept that means the original, unaltered way

Founder of Daoism. Sees uselessness as a virtue, rejects devotion to govt. service. Everything is always changing (the Way), embrace it. "Philosophical" vs "Ritual" + "Medicinal" Daoism

Character in The Zhuangzi; explains how the Way can help people achieve natural patterning in the story. Cook Ding learns how to butcher cows using the Way and this helps him cut instead of hack, making his job much easier because he knows exactly where to cut an animal (Ebrey, 30). In this example, the Way connects Cook Ding to animals, which are also a part of nature

major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. Well field system

Example of the perfect Confucian mother.

(Zhou dynasty) the theoretical pattern of land ownership in early China, named for the appearance of the Chinese character for "well," in which farmland was divided into nine segments and a peasant family would cultivate one for its own use and cooperate with seven others to cultivate the ninth for the landlord.

ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend

When a baby is about to fall into a well, people will instinctively go towards the baby to save it, people are inherently good

follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government.

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Advisor in the state of Qin

Studied under Xunzi. Legalist. Han Feizi's teachings discuss how the Confucian idea of governing purely by example and by favor is a flawed strategy that should no longer be used by any ruler

The dynasty that established the first great Chinese empire and the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all subsequent Chinese dynasties were to follow for many years to come. First emperor was Ying Zheng. Less feudalism, harsh punishments for crimes, very productive agricultural land. Bureaucracy, expansion and unification under Zheng. Standardized written language, weights, etc. Mutual surveillance (families and merchants).

Chinese emperor who founded the Qin dynasty and unified China with a standardized system of writing and money; his tomb contained the famous "clay army".

world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty, finished by the Ming to keep the Mongols out.

A group over 8000 clay soldiers with weapons, wagons, etc. built on Emperor Qin's (ShiHuangdi) order to guard his tomb in the afterlife.

Capital of Han (former). Large trading city in China created by the Tang Dynasty; major stop along the Silk Road in China

dynasty during which Liu Bang moves the capital to Xi'an and his descendants reign, the Salt and Iron Debate occurs, the Xiongnu attack, the Silk Road is used, and Wang mang makes sweeping reforms. Strain on govt. finances with tributes and defense. Confucian, Daoist, and Legalist ideas influence economics and philosophy. Hierarchy with scholars and officials at the top and merchants at the bottom was an ideal but not always a reality. Standardizations (census, laws, deals)

First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals. Ruled much like the Qin. His wife ruled after him and had power over their son as regent.

The Classic of Filial Piety matches the Confucian beliefs on filial piety that we have seen since the Zhou, as this writing is supposed to be teachings from Confucius. Confucius in this text emphasizes the importance of everyone in the nation having filial piety, from the common person to the Son of Heaven himself because "unless filial piety is pursued from beginning to end, calamities will surely result." praising the "virtue of the sages" when it came to their filial piety. Then the sages use of filial piety to teach respect and love for parents is described. Filial piety was both mentioned often in previous writings but it was also shown with the tributes to emperors and the other powers given to them throughout the last few centuries of Chinese history and it is being continued strongly here.

the most prominent Confucian of the New Text school, who helped establish Confucianism as the state religion. Mix of Confucianism and Daoism

wood, fire, earth, metal, water

5 elements, yin & yang, Qi (primal energy). Dong Zhongshu (mix of confucianism and daoism)

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

sale + iron monopolies established in 117 BCE to support war efforts (esp. against Xiongnu)

Expanded education, usually based on Confucian texts. Passing the exam could allow for someone to become an official and improve their status and career.

The state would have a monopoly in order to provide funding for the state. very modern in their production and organization, revenue, tax collection (Salt, Tea, Incense, Alcohol). Salt and Iron monopolies in the Han established to support war efforts.

govt buys up grain and stores it and when there is a famine they distribute it to all for fair prices

Minister Wang Mang was regent and then said he had inherited the mandate of heaven. Reaffirmed imperial ownership of land. Tried to expand govt. monopolies. Tried to stable cavalry's horses w/ farmers. Ended Slavery. Red eyebrows rebellion + floods ended Xin and restored Han.

A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. He ended slavery, extended monopolies and ordered redistribution of land.

Wang Mang ended slavery and redistributed the land. He tried to break up the power of the great families.

Debasement refers to lowering the value of a currency. It is primarily associated with coins made from precious metals, such as gold and silver.

a policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none. This was used by Wag Mang in the Xin to try to reduce the power of the great families.

Chinese insurgents who killed Wang Mang after the flood of the Yellow River, ending the Xin dynasty and restoring the Han.

Mother Lü was a rebel leader against the Xin dynasty of China. She started a peasant uprising after her son was executed by the government for a minor offence, and became the first female rebel leader in Chinese history.

Revitalized by LiuXiu. Centralized bureaucracy, more iron tools (better farming techniques -> increased agricultural production). Millenarian Rebellions, Yellow Turbans, Way of 5 Pecks of Rice.

castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.

Collective, terrestrial, imminent, total, miraculous. Zhang Jue, devoted to Laozi (immortal), cured illness, Yellow Turbans/Way of Great Peace.

Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. Zhang Jue, devoted to Laozi (immortal), cured illness. millenarian. Contributed to the end of the Han.

The name "Five
Pecks of Rice" refers to the tribute each follower paid to join the movement.
Rebellion at the end of 2nd c. CE in western China when the Dynasty was in rapid decline, the group showed that of millenarian tendency

Northern China, Tuobi clan of Xianbei, equal field system, sinicization (make chinese)

This Non-Chinese people to the north founded the Northern Wei dynasty in southern Manchuria. They raided Chinese settlements and expanded into chinese territory. They adopted Chinese customs and took greater control. They were eventually ousted by the Qin. Established Northern Wei. Equal field system to farmers.

The adoption and absorption by foreign people of Chinese language, customs and culture.

The historical Buddha, awakened/enlightened. Middle path, Bodhi tree, meditation. Born from his mother's side, became a spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism. is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being who taught a path to Nirvana, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

-Heavens/Deities
-Asuras/Titans
-Humans
-Animals
-Hungry Ghosts
-Hell Dwellers
get higher through sacrifices, prayers, yoga, etc.

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth

The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

One of the earliest and most influential Mahayana Buddhist texts, which reveals the cosmological nature of a Buddha and the universal character of Buddhist truth. Infinite

(Lotus Sutra) a story about a father who convinces his children to leave a burning house by telling them lies. outside they see a gold chariot. it is meant to represent the many different forms of buddhism all leading to the truth, even if they are lies. Expedient Means.

the most efficient way to help someone understand a Buddhist concept; upaya

women are subject to the five obstacles and are incapable of attaining Buddhahood. At that moment, she offers a jewel to the Buddha, transforms herself into a male, and instantaneously perfects the bodhisattva practice. First, it refutes the idea of the time that women could never attain enlightenment. Second, it reveals that the power of the Lotus Sutra enables all people equally to attain Buddhahood in their present form, without undergoing kalpas of austere practices. But the transformation occurred instantaneously, not in the next life, and in this respect differs significantly from that of other, provisional teachings, which hold that a woman must be reborn as a man and then practice bodhisattva austerities for innumerable kalpas in order to become a Buddha.

a Buddha (or bodhisattva) expected to appear on earth in the future

Had the power to travel, even through hell. Was an example of filial piety in Buddhism. He went to hell to save his mother and showed himself to be a filial son. His filial piety wasn't enough to overrule the rules of Buddhism and his mother could only move up one level at a time.

What makes Chinese Buddhism important! Yearly occurrence where filial piety, feeding, and writing are all highlighted. This is when Buddhists capture Chinese ancestors. Story of Mu-lien

Reunified North and South China, continued equal field system, mixed Chinese + foreign background, grand canal linked Yangzi and Yellow River, capital at Chang'an (old Han capital), official granaries, expansion of exam system, local officials rotated, costly campaigns in Korea + Manchuria for military and trade.

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Policy during Sui dynasty to keep officials from gaining too much support and creating threats to the government.

First emperor was Li Yuan (Gaozu), who was a Sui general who allied w/ Turks to take the Sui capital. Took Sui land, rebuilt based on Qin, Han and Zhou techniques. Aristocratic empire, hereditary privilege, grain, labor + armies were important. Equal fields system. 6 ministries (personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice, public works). Empress Wu. Twice a year tax. Trade flourished. Buddhism!

Chinese city located on silk road that transmitted Mahayana Buddhism to China. Buddhist caves here built by Empress Wu.

Power behind throne from 660, claimed to be Maitreya (the next Buddha), commissioned Buddhist art projects, expansion of bureaucracy, killed lots of energy (including grandchildren ), deposed while ill and replaced by son before dying.

General of Turkish descent who took Chang'an. He was able to do this because after the Tang defeated Central Asia, the frontier forces grew more powerful and An Lushan was a general of the frontiers. He was murdered by his own son. This rebellion began the collapse of the Tang

Highly cultivated, "brilliant emperor" with famous court. Brought stability and made important reforms at first. Limited Buddhist power. His concubine tried to take too much power and gave bad advice, leading to a rebellion and forcing his abdication.

Xuanzong's concubine who gave power to her family by winning the emperor's favor. She was killed after the rebellion.

Founded by general Taizu. Capital at Kaifeng. Coexisted, fought and traded with Liao, Xi Xia and Jin. Military was important but expensive, checks and balances. Increased emperor control over ministers + advisors. Imperial examinations expanded education and scholar elite. New policies by Wang Anshi.

Original capital city of the Song dynasty; given up after invasion by the Jurchen. Where the grand canal meets the yellow river.

Created polices to fix the bureaucracy, helped provide money for govt, ended obligatory corvee labor, military reforms, standardized scholar official thinking. Used unsuccessfully to take Xi Xia and Liao.

Jurchen Jin took the Northern capital, so the Song moved the empire to Hangzhou. Neo-Confucianism (Zhu Xi). Written code of law, emperors were more autocratic. Increased agricultural production. Booming economy, paper making, ceraics, coal + iron industry, paper money backed by steel. Growing trade w/ India and Southeast Asia (sea routes)

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.(where grand canal meets the Yangzi River)

The spread of printed materials influencing the general public

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

Neo-Confucian scholar whose versions of Confucian texts were used for civil service examinations in Ming. Version of Confucian thought promoted by ---; Confucian morality with Buddhist logic, but anti-buddhist.

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements. The Confucian response to Buddhism. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Nomadic people from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Founder of the Mongol empire who unified the various Turkic and Mongolic tribes into a strong confederation and gave them a common identity as Mongols, who he took the title chinggis khan.

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and Emperor of Yuan Dynasty of China.

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song. Dadu capital (modeled after Rites of Zhou). Religious tolerance, agricultural society, bureaucracy. Social hierarchy (Mongols, diverse people, Han, Southern. To keep people dependent on govt.). Traditions from the steppe coming to China. Muslim and Buddhist officials as well. Trade strengthened (grand canal + silk road). Chances of becoming an official reduced. Ended with 14th ce crisis.

Place of origin for early Chinese civilizations. Devastating floods, but the people managed to build irrigation systems and cultivate simple crops like wheat, millet and rice. Had silkworm cultivations, bronze weaponry and ideograph format of writing.

the New Stone Age; the time period after the Paleolithic Era, marked by the use of tools, finer tools, agriculture, pottery. Neolithic societies: Yangshao and Longshan. Early form of Chinese written language, clan organization, reverence for ancestors, hierarchy, rammed-earth construction, beginning of bronze technology, realtions (trade + war) with neighboring people

Obsidian trade routes in NE Asia, trade done on land and by sea often around the islands of Japan. Possibly shows trade with Japan

Black pottery, copper, etc. Replaced Yangshao. Worse health. Hierarchy of settlements. Warfare (moats +walls around cities). Social hierarchy. Institutionalized violence (human sacrifice). More hierarchy, warfare, human sacrifice, and more land than Yangshao. Sapulimancy (a form of divination involving cracked bones (shoulder blades) and plastromancy (uses tortoise shells). Start of bronze technology

Developed along the Yellow River Valley, central plains, which ancient chinese considered as the place where their civilization originated. Agriculture (millet). Temporary villages, moved for better farming. Egalitarian (class wise). Shamanism? Children's burials show hereditary classism. Distinctive red pottery.

Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians. The era has been associated with the domestication of animals, agricultural development, the gradual replacement of stone implements with bronze, and the formation of larger tribal confederacies.

A "cultural hero". He invented many new things like the wheel, the boat, the calendar, medicine, and tools. His wife, Leizu, made silk and sericulture

mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. Bronze Age. Oracle bones (scapulimancy) with origins of Chinese writing on it, directed to Di (supreme deity) and royal ancestors, king was involved in divination. Social stratification, political hierarchies, complex division of labor, central resource management, art, writing calendar, organized violence, bronze vessels and weapons, human sacrifice, grain was sotrable, measurable, long lasting, weighable, and transportable, massive use of labor, great tombs.

Chinese word for king or ruler. Involved in divination

Supreme deity. Oracle bones directed to Di

Scapulimancy. one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods. The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Shang oracle bones were directed to Di and the king was involved in the process of divination.

Bonze vessels and weapons during the Bronze age (Shang Dynasty). Creation of bronze took a lot of resources. Bronze mostly used for sacrificing food/drink to ancestors and mostly used by the elite.

King Wu defeated Shang. Kinship feudalism, several states. Many farming families and nomads. Rituals for social solidarity and heirarchy. Correlative thought. Mandate of Heaven. Regionalism + earthquake + Rong nomad invasion = capital taken and end of Western Zhou.

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. You must be an ethical ruler to keep the mandate, could be influenced by natural disasters

Confucian model of a perfect servant, observing law over family benefit. This person takes over the throne after King Wu dies, because King Wu's son is too young to take over. This person is known as a "paragon of virtue". (Metal Bound Box) Filial piety

The classical literature of the time preceding Confucius, including poetry, history, and divination. The five canonical works of Confucianism designated in the Han Dynasty. They are Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Changes, Record of Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals.

Example of Zhou literature, this book serves as a manual of diviners. Yin and Yang

two forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force. Must be in balance

Capital now at Luoyang. Philosophy: confucianism and Daosim began with Confucius, Mencius, and Zhuangzi. Less power and relevance of kings, kinship feudalism and bureaucracy continued. Multi-state system. States began fighting with each other. Feudal lords lose power. Iron and irrigation start to be used for agriculture. War becomes more large scale (infantry, iron and crossbow used in war)

1st phase of Eastern Zhou try to regain political authority by connecting with ethnic groups. Iron and irrigation developed. Military technology improved (chariots, crossbow, iron, infantry)

Turbulent time period between Zhou and Qin (+ other states) marked by civil war and disunity. Wars carried out on a much larger scale than before (infantry). Philosophy important (Confucianism, Daosim, Legalism)

Used in the Zhou Dynasty, declined by the Eastern Zhou. A feudal state consisting of a number of states whose rulers accepted the overall authority of the kings. Enoffed nobility. Kinship was used because members of the royal family were sent to occupy feudal states through marriage.

A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Minor aristocrat from the state of Lu. Advisor/teacher

The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism. Filial piety, virtue, benevolence, "the gentleman", the Way, Dao, rites and decorum. A record of the words and acts of Confucius.

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Benevolence, filial piety.

The Way. Nameless and full of potential to the Daoists. The proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven.

Mythical figure who supposedly lived during 6th c BCE. Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. Embrace change, keep people simple minded and satisfied. Naturalness + simplicity.

Daoist text, supposedly by Laozi. The Daoist approach to the Way was to see it as an ever changing part of life that should be used to keep people ignorant and content.

Daoist concept that means the original, unaltered way

Founder of Daoism. Sees uselessness as a virtue, rejects devotion to govt. service. Everything is always changing (the Way), embrace it. "Philosophical" vs "Ritual" + "Medicinal" Daoism

Character in The Zhuangzi; explains how the Way can help people achieve natural patterning in the story. Cook Ding learns how to butcher cows using the Way and this helps him cut instead of hack, making his job much easier because he knows exactly where to cut an animal (Ebrey, 30). In this example, the Way connects Cook Ding to animals, which are also a part of nature

Zhuangzi: the parable of the useless tree is not that the tree is actually without use; rather, the usefulness of the tree is lost on the carpenter because of his limited perspective. He looks at the tree as a carpenter typically would: raw material that must be turned into a ship or a tool. For the old oak tree however, it is a different story altogether. Being turned into a ship is not necessarily such a great thing from its perspective; instead, it chooses to preserve itself by becoming ‘useless’ in the eyes of the carpenter

major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. Well field system

Example of the perfect Confucian mother.

(Zhou dynasty) the theoretical pattern of land ownership in early China, named for the appearance of the Chinese character for "well," in which farmland was divided into nine segments and a peasant family would cultivate one for its own use and cooperate with seven others to cultivate the ninth for the landlord.

ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend

When a baby is about to fall into a well, people will instinctively go towards the baby to save it, people are inherently good

follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government.

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Advisor in the state of Qin

Studied under Xunzi. Legalist. Han Feizi's teachings discuss how the Confucian idea of governing purely by example and by favor is a flawed strategy that should no longer be used by any ruler

The dynasty that established the first great Chinese empire and the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all subsequent Chinese dynasties were to follow for many years to come. First emperor was Ying Zheng. Less feudalism, harsh punishments for crimes, very productive agricultural land. Bureaucracy, expansion and unification under Zheng. Standardized written language, weights, etc. Mutual surveillance (families and merchants).

Chinese emperor who founded the Qin dynasty and unified China with a standardized system of writing and money; his tomb contained the famous "clay army".

world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty, finished by the Ming to keep the Mongols out.

A group over 8000 clay soldiers with weapons, wagons, etc. built on Emperor Qin's (ShiHuangdi) order to guard his tomb in the afterlife.

Capital of Han (former). Large trading city in China created by the Tang Dynasty; major stop along the Silk Road in China

dynasty during which Liu Bang moves the capital to Xi'an and his descendants reign, the Salt and Iron Debate occurs, the Xiongnu attack, the Silk Road is used, and Wang mang makes sweeping reforms. Strain on govt. finances with tributes and defense. Confucian, Daoist, and Legalist ideas influence economics and philosophy. Hierarchy with scholars and officials at the top and merchants at the bottom was an ideal but not always a reality. Standardizations (census, laws, deals)

First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals. Ruled much like the Qin. His wife ruled after him and had power over their son as regent.

The Classic of Filial Piety matches the Confucian beliefs on filial piety that we have seen since the Zhou, as this writing is supposed to be teachings from Confucius. Confucius in this text emphasizes the importance of everyone in the nation having filial piety, from the common person to the Son of Heaven himself because "unless filial piety is pursued from beginning to end, calamities will surely result." praising the "virtue of the sages" when it came to their filial piety. Then the sages use of filial piety to teach respect and love for parents is described. Filial piety was both mentioned often in previous writings but it was also shown with the tributes to emperors and the other powers given to them throughout the last few centuries of Chinese history and it is being continued strongly here.

the most prominent Confucian of the New Text school, who helped establish Confucianism as the state religion. Mix of Confucianism and Daoism

wood, fire, earth, metal, water

5 elements, yin & yang, Qi (primal energy). Dong Zhongshu (mix of confucianism and daoism)

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

sale + iron monopolies established in 117 BCE to support war efforts (esp. against Xiongnu)

The state would have a monopoly in order to provide funding for the state. very modern in their production and organization, revenue, tax collection (Salt, Tea, Incense, Alcohol). Salt and Iron monopolies in the Han established to support war efforts.

govt buys up grain and stores it and when there is a famine they distribute it to all for fair prices

Minister Wang Mang was regent and then said he had inherited the mandate of heaven. Reaffirmed imperial ownership of land. Tried to expand govt. monopolies. Tried to stable cavalry's horses w/ farmers. Ended Slavery. Red eyebrows rebellion + floods ended Xin and restored Han.

A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. He ended slavery, extended monopolies and ordered redistribution of land.

Wang Mang ended slavery and redistributed the land. He tried to break up the power of the great families.

a policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none. This was used by Wag Mang in the Xin to try to reduce the power of the great families.

Chinese insurgents who killed Wang Mang after the flood of the Yellow River, ending the Xin dynasty and restoring the Han.

Revitalized by LiuXiu. Centralized bureaucracy, more iron tools (better farming techniques -> increased agricultural production). Millenarian Rebellions, Yellow Turbans, Way of 5 Pecks of Rice.

castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.

Collective, terrestrial, imminent, total, miraculous. Zhang Jue, devoted to Laozi (immortal), cured illness, Yellow Turbans/Way of Great Peace.

Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. Zhang Jue, devoted to Laozi (immortal), cured illness. millenarian. Contributed to the end of the Han.

The name "Five
Pecks of Rice" refers to the tribute each follower paid to join the movement.
Rebellion at the end of 2nd c. CE in western China when the Dynasty was in rapid decline, the group showed that of millenarian tendency

Northern China, Tuobi clan of Xianbei, equal field system, sinicization (make chinese)

This Non-Chinese people to the north founded the Northern Wei dynasty in southern Manchuria. They raided Chinese settlements and expanded into chinese territory. They adopted Chinese customs and took greater control. They were eventually ousted by the Qin. Established Northern Wei. Equal field system to farmers.

The adoption and absorption by foreign people of Chinese language, customs and culture.

The historical Buddha, awakened/enlightened. Middle path, Bodhi tree, meditation. Born from his mother's side, became a spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism. is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being who taught a path to Nirvana, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

-Heavens/Deities
-Asuras/Titans
-Humans
-Animals
-Hungry Ghosts
-Hell Dwellers
get higher through sacrifices, prayers, yoga, etc.

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth

The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

One of the earliest and most influential Mahayana Buddhist texts, which reveals the cosmological nature of a Buddha and the universal character of Buddhist truth. Infinite

(Lotus Sutra) a story about a father who convinces his children to leave a burning house by telling them lies. outside they see a gold chariot. it is meant to represent the many different forms of buddhism all leading to the truth, even if they are lies. Expedient Means.

the most efficient way to help someone understand a Buddhist concept; upaya

women are subject to the five obstacles and are incapable of attaining Buddhahood. At that moment, she offers a jewel to the Buddha, transforms herself into a male, and instantaneously perfects the bodhisattva practice. First, it refutes the idea of the time that women could never attain enlightenment. Second, it reveals that the power of the Lotus Sutra enables all people equally to attain Buddhahood in their present form, without undergoing kalpas of austere practices. But the transformation occurred instantaneously, not in the next life, and in this respect differs significantly from that of other, provisional teachings, which hold that a woman must be reborn as a man and then practice bodhisattva austerities for innumerable kalpas in order to become a Buddha.

a Buddha (or bodhisattva) expected to appear on earth in the future

Had the power to travel, even through hell. Was an example of filial piety in Buddhism. He went to hell to save his mother and showed himself to be a filial son. His filial piety wasn't enough to overrule the rules of Buddhism and his mother could only move up one level at a time.

What makes Chinese Buddhism important! Yearly occurrence where filial piety, feeding, and writing are all highlighted. This is when Buddhists capture Chinese ancestors. Story of Mu-lien

Reunified North and South China, continued equal field system, mixed Chinese + foreign background, grand canal linked Yangzi and Yellow River, capital at Chang'an (old Han capital), official granaries, expansion of exam system, local officials rotated, costly campaigns in Korea + Manchuria for military and trade.

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Policy during Sui dynasty to keep officials from gaining too much support and creating threats to the government.

First emperor was Li Yuan (Gaozu), who was a Sui general who allied w/ Turks to take the Sui capital. Took Sui land, rebuilt based on Qin, Han and Zhou techniques. Aristocratic empire, hereditary privilege, grain, labor + armies were important. Equal fields system. 6 ministries (personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice, public works). Empress Wu. Twice a year tax. Trade flourished. Buddhism!

Chinese city located on silk road that transmitted Mahayana Buddhism to China. Buddhist caves here built by Empress Wu.

Power behind throne from 660, claimed to be Maitreya (the next Buddha), commissioned Buddhist art projects, expansion of bureaucracy, killed lots of energy (including grandchildren ), deposed while ill and replaced by son before dying.

General of Turkish descent who took Chang'an. He was able to do this because after the Tang defeated Central Asia, the frontier forces grew more powerful and An Lushan was a general of the frontiers. He was murdered by his own son. This rebellion began the collapse of the Tang

Tang. Highly cultivated, "brilliant emperor" with famous court. Brought stability and made important reforms at first. Limited Buddhist power. His concubine tried to take too much power and gave bad advice, leading to a rebellion and forcing his abdication.

Xuanzong's concubine who gave power to her family by winning the emperor's favor. She was killed after the rebellion.

Founded by general Taizu. Capital at Kaifeng. Coexisted, fought and traded with Liao, Xi Xia and Jin. Military was important but expensive, checks and balances. Increased emperor control over ministers + advisors. Imperial examinations expanded education and scholar elite. New policies by Wang Anshi.

Original capital city of the Song dynasty; given up after invasion by the Jurchen. Where the grand canal meets the yellow river.

Created polices to fix the bureaucracy, helped provide money for govt, ended obligatory corvee labor, military reforms, standardized scholar official thinking. Used unsuccessfully to take Xi Xia and Liao.

Jurchen Jin took the Northern capital, so the Song moved the empire to Hangzhou. Neo-Confucianism (Zhu Xi). Written code of law, emperors were more autocratic. Increased agricultural production. Booming economy, paper making, ceraics, coal + iron industry, paper money backed by steel. Growing trade w/ India and Southeast Asia (sea routes)

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.(where grand canal meets the Yangzi River)

The spread of printed materials influencing the general public

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

Neo-Confucian scholar whose versions of Confucian texts were used for civil service examinations in Ming. Version of Confucian thought promoted by ---; Confucian morality with Buddhist logic, but anti-buddhist.

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements. The Confucian response to Buddhism. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Nomadic people from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Founder of the Mongol empire who unified the various Turkic and Mongolic tribes into a strong confederation and gave them a common identity as Mongols, who he took the title chinggis khan.

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and Emperor of Yuan Dynasty of China.

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song. Dadu capital (modeled after Rites of Zhou). Religious tolerance, agricultural society, bureaucracy. Social hierarchy (Mongols, diverse people, Han, Southern. To keep people dependent on govt.). Traditions from the steppe coming to China. Muslim and Buddhist officials as well. Trade strengthened (grand canal + silk road). Chances of becoming an official reduced. Ended with 14th ce crisis.