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mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. Bronze Age. Oracle bones (scapulimancy) with origins of Chinese writing on it, directed to Di (supreme deity) and royal ancestors, king was involved in divination. Social stratification, political hierarchies, complex division of labor, central resource management, art, writing calendar, organized violence, bronze vessels and weapons, human sacrifice, grain was sotrable, measurable, long lasting, weighable, and transportable, massive use of labor, great tombs.

King Wu defeated Shang. Kinship feudalism, several states. Many farming families and nomads. Rituals for social solidarity and heirarchy. Correlative thought. Mandate of Heaven. Regionalism + earthquake + Rong nomad invasion = capital taken and end of Western Zhou.

First emperor was Li Yuan (Gaozu), who was a Sui general who allied w/ Turks to take the Sui capital. Took Sui land, rebuilt based on Qin, Han and Zhou techniques. Aristocratic empire, hereditary privilege, grain, labor + armies were important. Equal fields system. 6 ministries (personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice, public works). Empress Wu. Twice a year tax. Trade flourished. Buddhism!

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song. Dadu capital (modeled after Rites of Zhou). Religious tolerance, agricultural society, bureaucracy. Social hierarchy (Mongols, diverse people, Han, Southern. To keep people dependent on govt.). Traditions from the steppe coming to China. Muslim and Buddhist officials as well. Trade strengthened (grand canal + silk road). Chances of becoming an official reduced. Ended with 14th ce crisis

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. Expansion of Commerce. Great Wall built, Silk road + indian ocean trade, fleets to INdia and Africa. Zheng He voyages. European Imperialism

Scapulimancy. one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods. The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Shang oracle bones were directed to Di and the king was involved in the process of divination.

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. You must be an ethical ruler to keep the mandate, could be influenced by natural disasters

two forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force. Must be in balance

A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Minor aristocrat from the state of Lu. Advisor/teacher

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

The Way. Nameless and full of potential to the Daoists. The proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven.

major follower of Confucius stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects.

ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service

Capital of Han (former). Large trading city in China created by the Tang Dynasty major stop along the Silk Road in China. Layout of Japanese cities were modeled after Chang'an

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.

Expanded education, usually based on Confucian texts. Passing the exam could allow for someone to become an official and improve their status and career.

The historical Buddha, awakened/enlightened. Middle path, Bodhi tree, meditation. Born from his mother's side, became a spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism. is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being who taught a path to Nirvana, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering

-Heavens/Deities
-Asuras/Titans
-Humans
-Animals
-Hungry Ghosts
-Hell Dwellers
get higher through sacrifices, prayers, yoga, etc.

the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation. Law of Karma is the law of cause and effect

One of the earliest and most influential Mahayana Buddhist texts, which reveals the cosmological nature of a Buddha and the universal character of Buddhist truth. Infinite

What makes Chinese Buddhism important! Yearly occurrence where filial piety, feeding, and writing are all highlighted. This is when Buddhists capture Chinese ancestors. Story of Mu-lien

Originated during the Northern Wei. Census based system imported from China to Japan which exempted imperial family (+ nobility + aristocrats), temples and shrines, and newly developed fields (from 743).

a Buddha (or bodhisattva) expected to appear on earth in the future. Empress Wu claimed to be Maitreya (Tang dynasty). The White Lotus Society (Red Turbans) had faith in Maitreya.

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements. The Confucian response to Buddhism. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Nomadic people from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Founder of the Mongol empire who unified the various Turkic and Mongolic tribes into a strong confederation and gave them a common identity as Mongols, who he took the title chinggis khan

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and Emperor of Yuan Dynasty of China.

Faith in Maitreya. Led by Zhu Yuanzhang. Contributed to Mongols fleeing from China. Peasant resistence to Yuan rule.

Military commander for Red Turbans. Become emperor of the Ming dynasty. Built the Great Wall. Sent fleeets to India and Africa.

Arab traders and the spread of Islam, then Chinese merchants competed with them and eventually the Europeans joined to compete and introduced armed trading. The spread of Islamic empires cut off Europe (from both Indian Ocean trade and from silk road trade).

City in China with a grand canal.

China mounted total of 7, two-year voyages between 1405 and 1433

In autumn of 1405, largest fleet of ships world had ever seen (over 300 ships manned by 27,000 sailors) assembled at mouth of Yangzi River

Plan to go to Indonesia, then to Indian Ocean and India

Armada’s objectives:
--emperor wanted to track down nephew, the emperor he’d deposed
--wanted Ming dynasty to impress the world
--desire to encourage overseas trade
--collapse of Mongol empire in mid-1300s led to severing of overland trade
routes

7th voyage was the last one, and seaborne power declined rapidly after 1435. By 1500 there were no Chinese warships in Indian Ocean.

Portuguese shipped silver from Japan to China (direct trade cut off due to bad relations between China and Japan in 16th century)

Spanish established colony in Philippines in 1571

About ¾ of all silver minded in Americas from 1500 to 1800 ended up in China. CHINA DEMAND FOR SILVER.
Japan's silver went to China via the Portugeuse

Sannai Maruyama. Neolithic Japan. Jomon named after specific rope pattern pottery.

agriculture (wet rice field). from korea (to escape warfare). Yayoi named after archelogical site. Lived in plains areas. Smooth pottery. More warlike.

Kofun. A period of initial stages of state formation in Japan.

marked the unification of major parts of Japan under a single ruler who was located in what is now Nara prefecture. Late period was when Packche (korea) sent a statue of a Buddha to the Yamato court (Buddhism entering Japan?)

Capital modeled on Chang'an. Capital in Nara. Kokubunniji system (provincial monataries + nunneries). characterized by the adoption of Chinese culture and forms of government

Capital in Heian (now Kyoto) to get away from 6 sects of Buddhism. Tendai, Shingon, and Pureland Buddhism. 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture

After Minomoto defeat Taira for good. Yoritomo named Shogun in 1192. based in Kamakura (eastern). Diarchy between the emperor (+ imperial family) and the shogun (who had more power). Goseibai Shikimoku law code. Seized both military and judicial powers. Hojo clan. Shugo and Jito.

Established by Ashikaga Takauji. Imperial court split (brief northern dynasty with GoDaigo and other) but reconcilied with Bakufu help. Warring states included in this time period. Economic growth due to castle towns, increase in mining, and improvement in agricultural technology

Sengoku Perio. Warring familes, not quite like China's warring states period. During the Ashikaga Bakufu (economic growth)

age of political unification under the daimyo Oda Nobunaga and his Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who finally brought all provinces under the control of the central government.Jesuit advisors and then expelled, sword hunt, cadastral survey, invasions of Korea.

(Tokugawa) Capital in Edo. Alternate attendence system. Tokugawaw Ieyasu. Ban on Christianity. Nagasaki trading (+more). No Japananese leaving Japan.

place in japan where the jomon culture was discovered.

Early name for Japan. Wa confederation (Queen Pimiko).

Wa Confederation. Ruler of Yamato clan, unified Japan (a bit).

Keyhole tombs standardization. Cultural emmulation of Kinai.

Clan, or uji, that dominated a corner of Honshu and set up Japan's first and only dynasty

Way of the gods or the belief in Kami. Eventually combined with Buddhism, Confucianism, an Daoism in Japan.

Japanese gods. They can transform. each clan (uji) had a Kami.

Mythological male and female who participated in the creation of the Japanese islands. Izanami curses the world when Izanagi views her corpse then seals her in (Yomi). "Parents" of Amaterasu and Susano-o

The underworld. Where Izanami goes after her death. Charter myth.

Pollution. Brought from funerals and butchering. Purification rituals are designed to address and eliminate the destructive effects of kegare

Sun goddess + imperial ancestor. Birthed from purification. Kami. Daughter of Izanagi kinda and sister of Susano-o. Hid in a cave and caused the sun to go away before she came back out.

- brother of Amaterasu in Japanese Shinto myth who battles her and causes her to hide in cave

- the god of sea and storms also known for mischievous behavior

fesitival of first fruits. Emperor offered pure food to deities and consumed a ceremonial meal that deities were thought to share. Part of the story with Susano-o and Amaterasu

Aunt was Empress Suiko. He led the 17 Article Consitituion, courtranks, and the Taika reforms.

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. Led by Prince Shotoku and Nakatomi no Kamatari (founder of Fujiwara lineage).

elaborated the bureaucracy. Drew on Tang dynasty codes. Women had more security than in china. Part of Ritsuryo (Laws and Punishment).

Nihon shoki/Nihongi translates to sun origin. Meaning both Amaterasu and eastern sun rising, calling Japan the place where the sun rises.The Nihon shoki, written in Chinese, reflects the influence of Chinese civilization on Japan

Great Buddhist temple complex in Nara that houses the Daibutsu. Statue of Dainichi (burned/melted). Ordination platform.

Sun/cosmic Buddha. Similar to Amaterasu. Important to Shingon Buddhism. Statue of him in Todaiji.

A monk who was healing Empress Koken. banished for tring to be emperor. Fujiwara family attack Dokyo but Dokyo wins and Koken makes him co-emperor. Then a new oracle comes out -- only sun goddess can sit on court. Dokyo gets exciled. This story shows how the Japanese incorporated a Chinese style system of succession.

Empress who was being healed by Dokyo. manipulated by the Buddhist monk who wanted to marry and gain power off of her.

It is a mountain located to the northeast of Kyoto . Where Tendai was founded by Saicho and had a monastery of Tendai. Nichiren studied there. Temples and Shrines there were destroyed by Oda Nobunaga.

Tendai Buddhism. Lotus Sutra. Conflicted with Kukai. Monastery on Mt. Hiei.

Lotus Sutra Buddhism. Temple on Mt. Hiei. one should use reason and study the scriptures to discover the truth about Buddhism. meditation and rational thought and study

Founder of Shingon Buddhism. Founded the temple on Mt. Koya. Had conflict with Saicho. Learned sanscrit. Thought Shingon was superior.

True World Buddhissm. Temple on Mt. Koya. Esoteric Buddhism. Dainichi Buddha. Miracle stories. Engineering. 3 mysteries. Womb + diamond mandalas.

Body (mudras)[hand gestures], speech (mantras)[recitations/spells] and mind (mandalas)[cosmic maps]. Focused on Dainichi Buddha.

Mandalas are cosmis maps.
Womb mandala - universe in its potential
diamond mandala - universe in action
Dainichi Buddha. Shingon (True World) Buddhism.

Started in 1052. Would end w/ the coming of Maitreya. It was the end of the law, or a dark age essentially for Buddhism. the period of 'decline of the (Buddhist) dharma'; a time of social disorder, during which individuals could not achieve liberation without the aid of buddhas and bodhisattvas

Amida Buddha saves everyone who recites his name (the Nembutsu). Made the original vow. Amidism preached among commoners and elits, became VERY popular.

Jodo/ Western Paradise. Pureland Buddhism includes: shobo (true law/ dharma), zobo (imitated law), Mappo (end of the law), and Amida Buddha [Nembutsu, original vow]. Genshin was an Amida preacher. Honen was also an Amida person. Shinran. Amidism was preached among both commoners and elites. Ojo Yoshu (essentials of salvation)

Nenbutsu. Nanu Amida butsu. Hail Amida Buddha. The chant of Amida Buddha in order to reach the Pureland and be saved.

Vow 18 of Amida Buddha. To save all those who put faith in Amida + call his name. The vow was that he would only become a buddha if everyone could be saved by chanting his name.

Founder of True Pureland Buddhism. Married a nun. Was exiled because of his anti-kami teachings. Promoted tariki (other power of Amida Buddha). Studied under Honen (A pureland Buddhist).

(Jodo Shinshu). Founded by Shinran. One direction (Ikko sect). Focused on the other power (tariki) of Amida Buddha rather than self power (jiriki).

lineage established in 7th c. Dominant in Heian period. Fujiwara Michinaga was a regent. Got some of their power through marrying into the imperial family. exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.

Gets to decide who becomes the next emperor. Can focus on politics w/o ceremony. Had just as much if not more power than the emperor.

Author of the Tale of Genji. Perhaps Japan's greatest author, a woman active at the Heian court who is best known for The Tale of Genji, which she wrote around 1000 C.E.

written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society. Heian court life, shows many women's lives and men crying. Takes place about 100 years before it was written.

Estate system. Private estates. Shiki and commendation.

The right to a portion of the state's production. This could be exchanged and one could collect shiki from several estates. This was a part of the Shoen system.

System within Shoen that benefitted aristocras which gave them no reason to stop it (they ran the govt.)
Honke (patron) - maybe a temple or the imperial family
ryoshu/ ryoke - large landowner who owned property + collected shiki (potentially from multiple estates)
shokan- estate manager/ baliff
myoshu - smaller property owner (collects shiki)
small cultivator (shomin) - farmer

Scrolls featuring hungry ghosts with large stomachs but small throats. Similar to what actual starving people look like. Hungry ghosts eating human bodies and exrement, to explain decomposition. Part of Buddhism.

one of the professional warriors who server Japanese lords. Warriors, provincial elites +local men. Powerful samurai families like Taira and Minamoto could get control over the government. Samurai power as warriors declined over time and they basically just became aristocrats.

war between Taira and Minamoto; lasts 5 years; Heian renamed Kyoto; Minamoto win

Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan.

powerful Japanese family; competed with Minamoto family. Tale of the Heike. Eventually lost to Minamoto

Leader of the Taira (Heike). Defeated the Minamoto. According to Tale of the Heike, he burned Nara and the temples there so then he died from a burning fever. Supported Goshira kawa (current emperor).

Son of Minamotot Yoshitomo. Deafted the Taira during the Genpei war. Established the Kamakura bakufu. He seized powers from the central government and aristocracy and established a feudal system in Kamakura in which military(samurai) gained political powers. Wife was Masako (Hojo).

Tells the story of the Taira family and the rise of the Minamoto clan and is very pro Minamoto. Minamoto portrayed as Buddhist and the strongest. Taira portrayed as Confucian and weaker than the Minamoto. Originial tale developed in early 13th ce (standardized text in 1371)

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name. Had more power than the emperor usually.

Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai

land stewards. Bakufu position. a position granted by the shogun which oversaw administrative aspect of a particular province including taxation, land management, etc.

Military governors/ protectors. Bakufu position. Constables who were expected to maintain order in their lord's province.

Masako (Hojo birth), the wife/widow of Yoritomo, gave her family lots of power through regency after his death. Hojo regency.

Law code of Kamakura Shogunate under the Hojo clan. Handle disputes

Developed during Song dynasty. Focused on meditation (zazen). Goal was satori (enlightenment). Eisai and Dogen were major people of Zen. Zen brought from China and according to legened, Eisai also brought tea.

Studied at Tendai temple on Mt. Hiei. Established the Lotus sect of Buddhism.

Nichiren sect of Buddhism. Women equal to men. Daimoku. Japan is a source of regeneration of Buddhism.

Part of Nichiren Buddhism. Namu myoho, renge kyo. Chant that affirms belief in the Lotus Sutra.

Qubilai Khan demanding submission of Japan, sent two unsuccessful invasions, the second one definitely being thrawted by the kamikaze typhoon. Japan had to spend more money of defenses during and after this, even though the Mongols never tried this again.

"wind of the gods" Kamikaze typhoon prevented the 2nd mongol invasion of japan from being successful.

Former ally of GoDaigo who then deplaced him and became shogun. Established the Ashikaga Bakufu with the capital in Kyoto.

Emperor who created the Kemmu Restoration in an attempt to restore direct imperial rule. He was deplaced by his former ally, Ashikaga Takauji.

Under Go Daigo. Goal was restoration of direct imperial rule (no more diarchy) and recentralize the government. Ended with the Ashikaga Bakufu.

=big name/lord. They had domains in Japan. Often lived in castle towns, which then led to economic growth. Under the alternate attendence system, they were the ones who had to go between Edo and their domains.

No drama developed from dances for Kami. Used masks. Yugen. Mysterious pathos. Often focused on ghosts in need of enlightenment. Buddhist priests often in it. Chorus.

1543 arried at Taneyoshima. Brought muskets with matchlock triggers which were very effective. Called "southern barabarians". Followed by Jesuitss and Franciscans.

Roman Catholic religious order that went around the world to spread christianity before the protestants could (counter reformation). Sought out by daimyo for being useful (intellectuals). Expelled from Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Daimyo from owari domain (between east and west), took control of Kyoto in 1568, deposed last Ashikaga shogun in 1573, destroyed Mt. Hiei temples + shrines in 1571, destroyed HQ of Ikko sect in 1580. By his death, he controlled 2/3 of Japan. Skilled at using guns [had Jesuit advisors even though he did not agree w/ christianity]

general who served under Nobunaga, fully united Japan, set up official status system (rulers, farmers, craftsmen, merchants), put in the sword hunt (disarmed commoners, only samuari get swords), cadastral survey of all Japan (tax map), moved daimyo around to new domain, expelled the jeuits, invaded but failed to take Korea (Ming intervened)

from easter Japan (power base in Kanto region), took control of Japan in 1600 at the battle of Sekigahara. Made the alternate attendence system and banned christianity in order to have social order in Japan. Moved the capital to Edo (which is eastern Japan).

City that is now Tokyo. Capital of the bakufu during the Tokugawa/Edo period under Tokugawa Ieyasu. Increased dramatically in population due to the alternate attendence system.

During Edo period, Tokugawa Ieyasu. Required Daimyo to live in Edo every other year and leave their family in Edo while they went to their home castle towns in their domains. This resulted in a population increase of Edo. Demanding social order

During Edo period, Tokugawa Ieyasu banned christianity due to christian rebellion (Shimabara Rebellion in Kyushu) and because christians had loyalty to the pope and european churches. Made everyone register to Buddhist temples. Demanding social order