Chapter 5

Simple sugars or the monomers of carbohydrates. Simple sugars are the basic building blocks of polysaccharides.

What are the 3 most common monosaccharides?

The _____ _____ serves as one of the monosaccharides most distinguishing features.

What are the two configurations of the Carbonyl group in sugar?

A carbohydrate wth a carbonyl group (C=) at the end of the carbon chain. (ex.Glucose)

A carbohydrate with a carbonyl group with (C=O) with carbon (Non-terminal carbonyl group). (ex.Ribulose)

A chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.

A functional group with the chemical formula -OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.

What is the msot abundant class of biomolecules on Earth due to mass.

Major classes of biomolecules are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.

Large biological molecules- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What do all monosaccharides contain?

Having three or more hydroxyl functional groups.

The sugar subunit of RNA

The most important monosaccharide in the chemistry of life/ a hexose with a terminal group

A six-carbon sugar.

A chemical bond in the form of a covalent connection that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group whether it is another carbohydrate or not (ex. Cellulose on the wood of plants.)

A general term for a variety of reactions that introduce one or more enclosed circular formations into molecules.

What formations are the most stable?

The bond of a carbon of the first monosaccharide unit directed downward

The bond of a carbon unit that is pointing up

Three carbon sugars

What do monosaccharides vary in?

When simple sugars covalently link to form chains of varyign lengths.

When two sugars link together

The process of creating polymers.

A common form of chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemcial bonds that exist between a particular substance.

Glycosidic Linkeges = ______.
Peptide Bonds = ______.
Phosphodiester Linkages = ______.

Glycosidic linkages form between _____ gorups.

The most common polysaccharides found in oragnisms

What is created when monosaccharides are polymerized and stored for later use.

What two polymers is starch made out of? (______ and ______)

A hyghly branched storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by alpha-1, 4-and alpha 1-g glycosidic linkages. The major form of stored carbohydrate in animals

A fiborous protective layer found outside the plasma membrane fo most bacteria and archae and many eukaryotes.

A polymer made from B-glucose monomers joined by B-1, 4-glycosidic linkages that is a building block of plant cells and fiber

A polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi

A complext structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls.

A lipid that has been glycosylated (meaning it has one or more covalently attatched carbohydrates).

A protein taht has been glycosylated (meaning it has one or more covaletnly attached carbohydrates.

The complex biological process that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in the carbohydrate G3P. Occurs in most plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Which bonds have the highest potential energy?

A polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides.

Long chains of carbohydrate molecules composed of several smaller monosaccharides.

All carbohydrates are made of ____C_______, __O_________, and ___H_________ atoms.

Having three or more hydroxyl functional groups.

The sugar subunit of RNA, is a pentose

The most important monosaccharide in the chemistry of life/ a hexose with a terminal group.

A polysaccharide is made of many monosaccharides that are linked together through a bond called a ____________________.

Polymerizes monosaccharides for storage and later usage in plants. The function of

a-1, 4 glycosidic linages with amylose
a-1, 6 glycosidic linkages with amylopectin
These are the types of bonds between the monomers in:

Glucose monomers are involved with...

Alpha D glucose monomers are involved with...

a-1,4-glycosidic bonds
a-1,6-glycosidic bonds
These bonds are associated with...

The major form of stored carbohydrate in animals for later usage. This is the funciton of...

Beta Glucose monomers are involved in....

B-1, 4-glycosidic linkages
are the bonds involved in...

A building block of plant cells and fiber. This is the function of...

N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) is the monomer involved in... ______ and ______

B-1, 4 covalent bonds
These are the bonds involved in...

A polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi. This is the function of...

β-1,4-glycosidic linkages
These are the bonds involved in...

A complex structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls. This is the function of...

Six-carbon sugar

A chemical bond in the form of a covalent connection that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group whether it is another carbohydrate or not.

The bond of a carbon of the first monosaccharide unit is directed downward.

The bond of a carbon unit that is pointing up.

Three carbon sugars.

When simple sugars covalently link to form chains of varying lengths.

The process of creating polymers.