AP euro unit 1 chapter 13 and 14

Martin Luther criticized what church practice that sparked the Protestant Reformation?

What document did Martin Luther post in 1517 listing criticisms of the Catholic Church?

What was the first Protestant denomination based on faith alone and scripture alone?

What practice involved payments to reduce time in purgatory?

What 1530 document outlined Lutheran beliefs before Charles V?

What is the term for holding multiple church offices at once?

What is resentment toward clerical privilege and corruption called?

At what 1521 assembly did Luther refuse to recant his teachings?

Which friar’s sale of indulgences provoked Luther’s protest?

What abuse involved clergy living outside their dioceses?

Which Swiss reformer rejected Catholic rituals and saw the Eucharist as symbolic?

What 1524–25 uprising of peasants cited Christian freedom and social grievances?

What term describes Christians who broke from Rome?

What is the buying and selling of church offices called?

Which emperor tried to suppress Protestantism but accepted the Peace of Augsburg?

What was the loose federation of German states under an emperor?

Which dynasty ruled Spain, Austria, and the HRE and defended Catholicism?

Which radical reformers rejected infant baptism and separation of church and state?

What was Calvin’s strict theocracy in Switzerland known as?

What was the English break from Rome under Henry VIII called?

Which Scottish reformer spread Calvinism and founded Presbyterianism?

Which Catholic English queen tried to restore Catholicism and executed Protestants?

What 1533 law made the king supreme in religious matters?

What 1588 event secured Protestant England’s survival against Spain?

What type of government is ruled by religious authority?

Which archbishop supported Henry VIII and wrote the Book of Common Prayer?

What 1559 compromise established moderate Protestantism in England?

Which Catholic Spanish king fought Protestants in the Netherlands and England?

Which English king split from Rome to annul his marriage?

What were John Knox’s Calvinist followers in Scotland called?

What English Calvinists wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church?

Which French reformer emphasized predestination and theocracy?

What doctrine states God has already determined salvation or damnation?

What Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola spread Catholicism worldwide?

What Catholic revival movement reformed abuses and reaffirmed doctrine?

What 1545–63 council reaffirmed Catholic teachings and reformed abuses?

Who founded the Jesuits and stressed discipline and obedience?

What church tribunal enforced Catholic orthodoxy and punished heresy?

Who said “Paris is worth a mass” when converting to Catholicism?

What 1598 decree granted toleration to French Huguenots?

What were French Calvinists called?

What 16th–17th c. persecution reflected social anxiety and religious tension?

Which French queen mother was linked to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

What Protestant principle means “Scripture alone”?

What Protestant principle means “Faith alone”?

What is the Lutheran view that Christ is spiritually present in the Eucharist?

What is the destruction of religious images by reformers called?

What term describes rulers prioritizing political stability over religion?

What 1555 treaty recognized Lutheranism in the HRE?

What 1572 massacre killed French Huguenots in Paris?

What 1618–48 war devastated Central Europe over religion and politics?

What 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized Calvinism?

Which English theologian inspired early Protestant thought in the 14th c.?

Which Czech reformer was executed in 1415 for heresy?

Which pope called the Council of Trent and led reforms?

Which pope enforced the Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited Books?

Which leader of the Dutch Revolt secured independence for the Netherlands?

Which Habsburg emperor’s policies sparked the Thirty Years’ War?

What 16th-century economic phenomenon was caused by New World silver influx?

Who were the Spanish conquerors of the Americas in the 16th c.?

Which French writer developed the essay and emphasized skepticism and cultural relativism?

Which ancient text reintroduced in the Renaissance influenced European navigation?

What 1494 papal agreement divided the New World between Spain and Portugal?

Which powerful Mesoamerican empire was conquered by Cortés?

Who was the last Aztec emperor captured by Cortés?

Which navigation tool indicates direction?

What term describes the 16th-century period of Spanish dominance fueled by New World wealth?

Which Spanish history of the Americas shaped European understanding of the New World?

What palace-monastery built by Philip II symbolized Spanish Catholic power?

What early stock exchange became a center of global trade?

Which instrument determines latitude by measuring the sun or stars?

What was the Spanish crown’s 20% tax on colonial silver?

Which Venetian explorer sailed for England and explored Newfoundland?

Which Protestant queen of England promoted exploration and defeated the Spanish Armada?

Which Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish king oversaw early American conquests?

Which king of Spain expanded power during the Golden Century but overextended the empire?

Which Venetian traveler to Asia inspired European interest in Asian trade routes?

Which Florentine explorer recognized the Americas as a “New World”?

Which Portuguese prince funded voyages along Africa and initiated overseas empire?

Which Portuguese explorer reached India by sea in 1498?

Which Genoese sailor funded by Spain reached the Americas in 1492?

Which Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain completed the first circumnavigation?

Which French explorer of the St. Lawrence River claimed parts of Canada?

Which Portuguese explorer rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?

Who conquered the Aztec Empire for Spain between 1519–1521?

Who conquered the Inca Empire for Spain in 1532?

What term describes the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and goods between Old and New Worlds?

Which crops, animals, and disease traveled from the New World to the Old World?

Which animals, crops, and diseases traveled from the Old World to the New World?

What describes Spanish/Portuguese colonies with mixed populations and strict hierarchies?

What was the effect of massive silver imports from Potosí and Mexico?

Which Spanish system granted settlers the right to Native labor in exchange for “protection”?

What term explains European conquest advantages of guns, germs, and steel?

What were the main consequences for the New World after European contact?

What were the main consequences for the Old World after American crops and silver arrived?

Which navigation technologies facilitated European exploration?

What system linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas through trade?

What was the journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas called?

What economic theory viewed colonies as serving the mother country by supplying raw materials?

What type of company allowed shared ownership to reduce risk in overseas ventures?

What 16th–17th c. economic transformation tied to exploration increased global trade?

Which Spanish priest criticized mistreatment of natives and advocated for indigenous rights?

Which Spanish scholar defended conquest and forced labor of natives?

What 1550–51 debate discussed the treatment of indigenous peoples?

Which 1571 naval battle saw Spain defeat the Ottomans?

Which trading company founded in 1602 helped the Dutch dominate Asian trade?

What revolt between 1568–1648 created the independent Dutch Republic?

Martin Luther

Johann Tetzel

Ulrich Zwingli

John Calvin

John Knox

Mary Tudor (“Bloody Mary”)

Henry VIII

Elizabeth I of England

Philip II of Spain

Charles V

Ferdinand II

Henry IV of France

Catherine de’ Medici

Ignatius of Loyola

William of Orange (William the Silent)

Pope Paul III

Pope Paul IV

Bartolomé de las Casas

Juan de Sepúlveda

Michel de Montaigne

Marco Polo

Amerigo Vespucci

Christopher Columbus

Vasco da Gama

Ferdinand Magellan

Bartolomeu Dias

John Cabot

Jacques Cartier

Hernán Cortés

Francisco Pizarro

Henry the Navigator