All weeks combines

Its the ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile and /or structure

Habituation is the process of becoming less sensitive to a stimulus after repeated exposure

Long-term Potentiation (LTP) is operationally defined as a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy following high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers

Long-term Depression (LTD) is the phenomenon by which synapses become less efficient in transmitting neuronal signals

Cortical Remapping refers to the brain’s ability to change its neural pathways and organization, adapting to new information, experiences, or injury

Motor learning refers to the acquisition of motor skills, including the reacquisition of skills following injury, disease, or similar conditions

Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves the conversion of silent synapses into active synapses, potentially leading to new learning. It is particularly relevant in rehabilitation post-stroke

Long-term depression (LTD) is the conversion of an active synapse into a silent synapse, resulting in the weakening of pathways. LTD may aid in refining movement by decreasing unnecessary motor activity

Recovery of synaptic effectiveness occurs with the reduction in local edema, which previously interfered with action potential conduction

Denervation hypersensitivity happens when destruction of a presynaptic neuron deprives a postsynaptic neuron of adequate neurotransmitter supply. The postsynaptic neuron develops new receptors at the remaining terminals

Synaptic hypereffectiveness arises when only some branches of a presynaptic axon are destroyed. The remaining axon branches receive all the neurotransmitter that would normally be shared among the terminals, leading to the release of larger-than-normal amounts of transmitter onto postsynaptic receptors

Unmasking of silent synapses occurs when previously unused synapses become active due to injury to other pathways, revealing their function in the nervous system

Neurons in the CNS cannot regenerate because they do not undergo regeneration processes, resulting in cell death

n the PNS, nerves have the capability to regenerate if they are damaged or die. This is attributed to the quicker and more efficient clearance of debris from damaged axons and the presence of additional myelinated cells that aid in axon regeneration in the PNS compared to the CNS

Wallerian degeneration

Wallerian degeneration is a process in which the axon terminal degenerates, leading to breakdown of myelin and formation of debris. Additionally, the cell body undergoes changes, the presynaptic terminal retracts, and the postsynaptic cells degenerate.

1. Peripheral nerve is injured
2. SC demyelinate and turn into repair SC
3. The part of the axon distal to cell body breaks down
4. the debre is cleared
5. After the clearing takes place rengeration tracks are placed down
6. SC promote axonal growth
7. The axon has regenerated

If you have a skill and you don't do it anymore you lose it

If you practise something you will get better at it

To train the thing you want to get better at

The new skill need to be practise again and again and again

The training needed to have a good intensity in order for improvement to be made

After an injury, the brain really wants to recover, so it makes sense that the earlier you provide the opportunity for recovery through these neuroplastic changes, the better.

Training is meaningful to someone

Better for younger than older people

Being better at one skill to help better improve skills on the same branch like learning 3rd and 4th language when they have already learnt 2 languages

Training a few different things at the same time for better learning

The cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and spine

The sensory pheripheral nerves and motor peripheral nerves

The cranial nerve and the spinal nerve

They make up the nervous system (basic building block of the nervous system)

Search up the answer should involve: Nodes of Ranvier, Axon, Pre-synaptic terminals, soma and dendrites \(Axon hillock MAYBE)

They are the small gaps between the myelin sheath that allow the generation of fast electrical impulses along the axon

It translate information away from the nucleus

It allow communication between neurons

It controls the initiation of electric impulse based on the inputs from other neurons

It contains the nucleus of the neuron

They receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the soma

They are the unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons

It propagate along the axon of the neuron allowing information to travel along these neurons

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

They are made of up lipids and proteins

They are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other.

They can be opened to allows for movement across the membrane or can be closed so it doesn't allow for movement across the membrane

1. Resting potential 2. Slow potential 3. Fast depolarization 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization

From protein and fatty substances

Myelinated axons

They are called Oligodendrocytes

They are called "Schwann cells"

Myelin serves as an insulator, increasing the speed of information transmission along axons

The Myelin shealths

The neuron that transfer in the information

The neuron that receives the information

The neurotransmitter is housed in the presynaptic neuron.

Yes it can be affected by either excitatory or inhibitory

Excitatory neurotransmitters function is to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters function to prevent an action potential.

It is called convergence

It allows one neuron to communicate with many other neurons in a network

It's involved in the CNS and PNS

Acetylcholine is released from the neuron and drifts to special receptor sites where it binds, ultimately leading to muscle contraction

When the myelin sheath is destroyed, the signals to convey information to the rest of the neuron cannot be read as fast as they usually would, or they might not be reached at all

It is affected by CNS which means oligodendrocytes cells

They are Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome

It is the result from diseases that damage myelin sheaths or the cells that form them

It is affected by PNS which means swan cells

It is when the Acetylcholine receptors are destroyed instead of the usually procedure which would be taken in the information in the neuromuscular junction

The pre-embryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

From day 0 to 2nd week

From 3th week to the end of 8th week

From the end of the 8th week till birth

- All tissues/organs formed
- Heart, muscles ribs, backbones digestive tract being to develop
- External structures & internal organs form
Sense of touch, embryo can move

The endoderm (inner layer), the mesoderm (middle layer) and the ectoderm (outer layer)

It is a type of tissues in the brain and spinal cord CNS that plays a crucial role in allowing the function of the CNS to occur

It is the network of nerve fibres that serves to allow the exchange of information and communication between different areas of grey matter

Grey matter consists of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites. The dendrites are short protrusions (like little fingers) that communicate with neurons close by. In contrast, your white matter consists of the long axons of neurons that transmit impulses to more distant regions of your brain and spinal cord.

The gyri

Depressions in the external surfaces of the brain

The deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Marks the dividing line between the frontal and parietal lobes,

It is a deep groove located along the surface of the cerebral cortex.

Check Week 2 page 1 onenote

It is to serve as a conduit allowing information to transmit from one side of the brain to the other

Should have frontal, parietal, temporal, cerebellum and occipital

The performance of motor tasks, judgment, abstract thinking, creativity, and maintaining social appropriateness.

It is for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

The processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

The responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion

The motor function if damaged they will have less motor function

The sensation if comprised they wouldn't feel different sensations

If the damage is done here they will have trouble with any auditory information coming to the brain

If damaged they will have problem with visual information might get blindness or sight problems

It is located deep within the lateral sulcus separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes

A person will struggle to verbalize

A person will struggle to understand the information

The Projection fibres, Commissural fibres and Association fibres

It can be found on top of the brainstem

The third ventricle helps to protect the brain from trauma and injury.

It can be found between the diencephalon

The diencephalon can be divided into four components: thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

It's purpose is the relay centre

It controls the pituitary gland which regulates hormones

It relates to the basal ganglia for motor control

It controls the circadian rhthm and sexual repoduction

Above or higher in position

Above or higher in position

Toward the back or rear of the body

Toward the front or forward-facing side of the body

Toward the front of the body

Toward the back of the body

Toward the lower side of the body

Toward the upper side of the body

It control breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.

The brain and the spinal cord

The brain stem can be divided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

The brainstem contains cranial nerve nuclei, which are situated in various parts of the brainstem

Cerebral peduncles are white matter tracts that connect the brain to the brain stem.

Should have midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord

Oh, Oh, Oh, To, Touch, And, Feel, A, Girls, Vagina, Ah, Heaven

Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Optic nerve (CN II)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Cranial nerves: III and IV

Cranial nerves: V, VI, VII, VIII

Cranial nerves: IX, X, XI, XII

The olfactory is sensory nerve and its function is related to smell

The optic nerve is sensory nerve and responsible for transmitting visual information between the brain and the eye

The oculomotor nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the muscles responsible for moving the eyeball

The trochlear nerve is motor nerve and it's function is to abduction of the eyeball

The trigeminal nerve is a mixed cranial nerve with three branches (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular). Its main functions include blinking, chewing, and swallowing

The abducens nerve is a motor nerve and innervates muscles that aid in eyeball movement

The facial nerve serves as both a motor and sensory nerve, primarily involved in facial expression and mastication. It has five branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical

The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve responsible for balance and hearing. It comprises two branches: the vestibular branch, which relates to balance, and the cochlear branch, which is involved in hearing

The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve and contributes to muscle control around the pharynx area and receiving taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, as well as facilitating saliva relea

The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve and its function aids in swallowing, gag reflex, and taste perception

The accessory nerve is motor nerve and its function is the spinal accessory nerve (innervating C1-C5) and its other function is involving moving or shrugging the shoulders.

The hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve responsible for innervating muscles involved in tongue movement.

Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

Its function it to process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning

A branching network of vessels or nerves on the spinal cord

It is the end of the spinal cord

It is a thread like structure that the spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and exit the vertebral column

The Filum terminale is a thread-like structure made of fibrous tissue that extends from the tip of the conus medullaris to the tailbone. Its function is to provide longitudinal support and stabilization to the spinal cord.

They are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx

Cervical 3-5

The first 7 cervical spinal nerves lie above the corresponding vertebrae

All other spinal nerves lie below the corresponding vertebrae

They are composed of cell bodies

It processess sensory information

It processes motor information

It processes autonomic information

It is made up of travelling axons

The cranial nerves 3 to 12

Cranial nerves (10 pairs) enter/exit the CNS via the brainstem

Spinal nerves (31) contain sensory and motor axons from a single spinal segment and enter/exit the CNS via the spinal cord

The dorsal (afferent) root contains sensory axons responsible for bringing information into the spinal cord

he ventral (efferent) root contains motor axons (efferent) that carry information from the spinal cord to the body segments, enabling motor functions

It is a afferent axon

It is a efferent axon

They are sensory axons

They are motor neuron

They are mixed being both motor and sensory neurons

The dorsal ramus supplies muscles of the back and the overlying skin

The ventral ramus supplies muscles of the trunk and limbs, as well as the overlying skin

They are the area of skin innvervated by a single spinal nerve

They are the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

Paraplegia refers to paralysis of the lower limbs resulting from an injury to the thoracic and lumbar cord

The most common level of injury associated with paraplegia is T12/L1

Quadriplegia, or tetraplegia, is characterized by paralysis of both the upper and lower limbs due to an injury to the cervical cord

The most common level of injury associated with quadriplegia (tetraplegia) is C4-5

Paresis refers to partial loss of voluntary movement and can result in partial loss of all forms of sensation

Analgesia refers to the inability to feel pain or reduced pain sensitivity

Paralysis is the loss of ability to move voluntarily due to the inability to contract muscles

Paresis involves partial loss of voluntary movement, whereas paralysis entails complete loss of voluntary muscle control

A segmental lesion affects the function of a specific spinal cord segment. These lesions interfere with neural function only at the level of the lesion

A vertical tract lesion involves the interruption of ascending and descending information pathways in the spinal cord. Such lesions result in a loss of function below the level of the lesion

A segmental nerve lesion at the horn, root, or spinal nerve level can result in altered or lost sensation in a dermatome at that level, decreased or lost muscle power in a myotome at that level, and decreased or lost stretch reflex

A vertical tract lesion can lead to altered or lost sensation below the level of the lesion, motor tract signs including decreased or loss of muscle power, spasticity, and muscle hypertonia, as well as altered or lost control of blood pressure, bladder and bowel control, and thermoregulation

Vertical tract lesions to the spinal cord affect the motor pathways of the spinal cord, which include both sensory and motor functions

Segmental lesions to the spinal cord affect the corresponding dermatome and myotome levels of the body

They are either complete injury or incomplete injury

An incomplete injury exhibits variable levels of sensation and/or movement in one limb compared to the other

A complete injury entails no sensation and no voluntary movement below the spinal cord lesion

They are three protective connective tissue lauyers that surround the brain, brainstem and spinal cord

Cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels on the surface of the CNS, form dural venous sinuses and cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space

DAP -> Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

The dura mater is a two-layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue

The dura mater forms dural venous sinuses

The dura mater forms septa within the skull

The arachnoid mater is a layer of the meninges that serves as a loose weblike covering of the brain

Arachnoid granulations are small projections found in the arachnoid mater. They allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to re-enter the circulation via dural venous sinuses

The arachnoid mater is superficial to the subarachnoid space

he pia mater is a delicate layer that clings closely to brain tissue and provides a dense, rich blood supply to the underlying neural tissue

It is found in the cerebral hemispheres

It is found in the between the rights and left thalamus

It is found in the posterior to pons and medulla

The vertebral artery leads blood to a specific part of the brain

The basilar artery and internal carotid arteries link up on the inferior surface of the brain to form the Circle of Willis

A ring of vessels connecting the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain

They are the anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral

Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery

Should have anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery

The anterior cerebral artery supplies the medial cortical surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes, particularly the prefrontal cortex, and the lower limb region

Signs of involvement with the anterior cerebral artery include paralysis of the contralateral lower limb, sensory loss in the contralateral lower limb, mental impairments, and urinary incontinence

The middle cerebral artery supplies the entire lateral cortical surface of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

The middle cerebral artery supplies the head, upper limb, and thoracic area

The middle cerebral artery supports hearing and language areas, as well as the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and internal capsule

he posterior cerebral artery supplies the occipital lobe and the inferior cortical surfaces of the temporal and parietal lobes

The terminal branches of the posterior cerebral artery anastomose with branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) at the inferior margin of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes

The posterior cerebral artery primarily supplies the visual area and the subthalamic nuclei

Signs of involvement with the posterior cerebral artery include contralateral homonymous hemianopia, where injury to one side of the brain affects the contralateral visual field in each eye

The venous system exists to drain blood away from the CNS, returning it to the heart and pulmonary area for circulation

The venous system exists to drain blood away from the CNS and return it to the heart and pulmonary area

The inferior and superior sagittal sinuses serve as major pathways for blood to drain into and away from the CNS. This occurs through the confluence, followed by the transverse sinus and jugular vein

A stroke is sudden and unexpected damage to brain cells, leading to symptoms lasting more than 24 hours in the parts of the body controlled by those affected cell

Stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly disrupted, either due to blockage of an artery or bleeding within the brain

Without blood flow, there is no oxygen supplied to brain cells, resulting in the death of neural tissue

Symptoms of a stroke vary depending on which area of the brain is affected

The two major types of strokes are ischemic stroke, caused by blockage of an artery, and hemorrhagic stroke, caused by bleeding within the brain

Ischemic stroke is the most common cause of stroke

In an ischemic stroke, the artery supplying vital nutrients to the brain becomes blocked

A hemorrhagic stroke involves a brain hemorrhage, which happens when an artery bursts inside the brain