1What are the components of the CNS?
The cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and spine
2What are the two components of the somatic nervous system?
The sensory pheripheral nerves and motor peripheral nerves
3What are the nerves contains in the peripheral nervous system?
The cranial nerve and the spinal nerve
4What are neurons?
They make up the nervous system (basic building block of the nervous system)
5Draw a neuron and label the diagram
Search up the answer should involve: Nodes of Ranvier, Axon, Pre-synaptic terminals, soma and dendrites \(Axon hillock MAYBE)
6What is the Nodes of Ranvier?
They are the small gaps between the myelin sheath that allow the generation of fast electrical impulses along the axon
7What are axons?
It translate information away from the nucleus
8What is the Pre-synaptic terminals?
It allow communication between neurons
9What is the Axon hillcock?
It controls the initiation of electric impulse based on the inputs from other neurons
10What is the soma?
It contains the nucleus of the neuron
11What is dendrites?
They receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the soma
12What are the three different type of neurons?
They are the unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons
13What is action potential?
It propagate along the axon of the neuron allowing information to travel along these neurons
14What is Resting membrane potential?
The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state
15What is the plasma membrane made of?
They are made of up lipids and proteins
16What are ion channels?
They are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other.
17Why does ion channels open and close?
They can be opened to allows for movement across the membrane or can be closed so it doesn't allow for movement across the membrane
18What are the 5 phases of the action potential?
1. Resting potential 2. Slow potential 3. Fast depolarization 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization
19What is myelin made up of?
From protein and fatty substances
20The axons that are covered up by myelin is called?
Myelinated axons
21The myelin produced by the CNS are called?
They are called Oligodendrocytes
22The myelin produced by the PNS are called?
They are called "Schwann cells"
23What is the function of myelin in relation to the speed of information transmission along axons?
Myelin serves as an insulator, increasing the speed of information transmission along axons
24What is wrapped around axons?
The Myelin shealths
25What is the function presynaptic axon?
The neuron that transfer in the information
26What is the function postsynaptic axon?
The neuron that receives the information
27Where is the neurotransmitter housed?
The neurotransmitter is housed in the presynaptic neuron.
28Do neurotransmitters affect neurons?
Yes it can be affected by either excitatory or inhibitory
29What are excitatory and inhibitory actions of neurotransmitters?
Excitatory neurotransmitters function is to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters function to prevent an action potential.
30When multiple neurons synapses with a single neuron this is called?
It is called convergence
31What is Divergence?
It allows one neuron to communicate with many other neurons in a network
32Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter involved in which nervous systems?
It's involved in the CNS and PNS
33How does acetylcholine facilitate muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine is released from the neuron and drifts to special receptor sites where it binds, ultimately leading to muscle contraction
34What happens when the myelin sheath is destroyed?
When the myelin sheath is destroyed, the signals to convey information to the rest of the neuron cannot be read as fast as they usually would, or they might not be reached at all
35What system is affected by Multiple sclerosis syndrome and which type of myelin sheath?
It is affected by CNS which means oligodendrocytes cells
36What is the two conditions which affects the demyelination?
They are Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome
37What is demyelination?
It is the result from diseases that damage myelin sheaths or the cells that form them
38What system is affected by Guillain-Barré syndrome and which type of myelin sheath?
It is affected by PNS which means swan cells
39What is synaptic dysfunction?
It is when the Acetylcholine receptors are destroyed instead of the usually procedure which would be taken in the information in the neuromuscular junction
40What are the 3 phrases of conception?
The pre-embryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
41How many week does the pre-embroninc stage last?
From day 0 to 2nd week
42How many week does the embryonic stage last?
From 3th week to the end of 8th week
43How many week does the fetal stage last?
From the end of the 8th week till birth
44What important features happen in the embryonic stage?
- All tissues/organs formed
- Heart, muscles ribs, backbones digestive tract being to develop
- External structures & internal organs form
Sense of touch, embryo can move
45What are the 3 layer of cells?
The endoderm (inner layer), the ectoderm (outer layer), and the mesoderm (middle layer)