memorize

normal body tempt is 37 degrees Celsius
- it is a measure of how well your body can make and get rid of heat
- when tempt. Drops it may indicate hypothermia. It can also lead to failure of heart and
respiratory system and eventually death
- when tempt. is high it indicates fever. Fever is a normal response of the body to fight off infection

also known as heart rate
- is the number of times your heart beats per minute
- normal heart rate should be between 60-100 beats per minute
- low pulse rate can indicate heart problems like Bradycardia, low pulse rate can also endanger the
heart as it cant pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body
- high pulse rate can indicate Tachycardia, meaning the heart beats more than a 100 times a
minute. A person is also prone to Hyperventilating with high pulse rate.

normal blood pressure is mostly between 90 / 60 mmHg and 120 / 80 mmHg
- is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels / the force of your blood
pushing against the walls of your arteries
- “Blood pressure” refers to the pressure in a brachial artery, where it is commonly measured
- Medical term for low blood pressure is Hypotension.
- high blood pressure can cause the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain to burst or
be blocked, causing a stroke. Brain cells die during a stroke due to not getting enough oxygen.
Stroke can cause serious disabilities in speech, movement, and other basic activities. A stroke can
also kill you.

is the rate at which breathing occurs; it is set and controlled by the respiratory center of the brain.
A person’s respiratory rate is usually measured in breaths per minute / the number of breaths a
person takes per minute.
- normal respiratory rate is 12-18 breaths per minute
low respiratory rate means your body may not be getting enough oxygen. Potential causes of low
respiratory rate include drug overdose, obstructive sleep apnea, and head injuries.
- high respiratory rate may be a sign of underlying issues. Potential causes of high respiratory rate
include anxiety, fever, respiratory diseases, heart diseases, and dehydration.

A person’s relative mass or the quantity of matter contained by it.
- very low weight indicates Underweight
- very high weight indicates Overweight
- normal body weight must be in sync with age and height. In order to achieve a normal weight a
person must undergo proper diet.

refers to the percentage of oxygen in a person’s blood. Medical professionals can use a device
called oximeter for either a quick test or continuous monitoring.
- a healthy oxygen saturation level, according to an oximeter, ranges between 95% and 100%
- if blood has low levels of oxygen it cant deliver enough oxygen to your organs and tissues that
need it to keep working.

normal fasting blood glucose level or concentration are between 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and 100
mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), when fasting blood glucose it is between 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 – 6.9
mmol/L)
- if blood sugar drops it may indicate Hypoglycemia it also causes certain symptoms like shakiness
and faster heartbeat and it can be life threatening if it lowers even more. Glucagon and other drugs
are used to raise low sugar levels.
- if blood sugar is high it indicates Hyperglycemia. Insulin and other drugs are used to lower blood
sugar levels

Is the calcium in the blood that is not attached to proteins.
- also called free calcium
- plays an important function in muscle contraction
- low ionized calcium indicates Hypoparathyroidism, which is an underactive parathyroid gland.
Another indication is Hypocalcemia, which is a treatable condition that happens when levels of
calcium in blood are too low.
High ionized calcium indicates Hyperparathyroidism, which is an overactive parathyroid gland.
consuming too much milk, antacids, or calcium carbonate can cause Hyperparathyroidism.

A test usually done as part of an electrolyte or basic metabolic panel blood test that presents a
balance between the sodium and water in the food and drinks you’ve consumed and the amount in
your urine.
- measures the amount of sodium in a person's blood / urine.
- Low serum sodium indicates Hyponatremia
- High serum sodium indicate Hypernatremia

Chemical waste product of creatine
- chemical made by blood and is used to supply energy mainly to muscle
- Creatinine is removed from the body entirely by the kidneys
- low creatinine can mean lower muscle mass caused by a disease such as muscular dystrophy or by
aging. Low levels can also mean some type of liver disease or a diet very low in protein
- high creatinine can indicate blocked urinary tract, kidney problems, infection, or reduced blood
flow, and loss of body fluid (dehydration)

measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in the blood.
- Urea nitrogen is a waste product made when your liver breaks down protein.
- it’s carried in the blood, filtered out by the kidneys, and removed from the body by the urine.

A test that measures a liver enzyme called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase.
- If SGOT is high it means one of the organs or muscles containing the enzyme could be damaged
- If SGOT is low you are at risk of developing Vitamin B6 deficiency or any kind of kidney and
liver disease

also known as Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) or Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transferase
- normal range of SGPT levels in serum is typically 7-56 units/litre
- is performed to identify the level of glutamic pyruvic transaminase in the blood streamHigh SGPT may indicate liver injury or damage
- Low SGPT can indicate a vitamin B6 deficiency or chronic kidney disease

measures the level of magnesium in the blood.
- high serum magnesium can indicate severe Hypermagnesemia (levels greater than 12 mg/dl) it
can lead to cardiovascular complications (hypotension, arrhythmias) and neurological disorder
(confusion, lethargy). It can also induce cardiorespiratory arrest and coma.
- low serum magnesium indicates magnesium deficiency or Hypomagnesemia, this condition is
more common than Hypermagnesemia. Symptoms of low serum magnesium include low appetite,
nausea/vomiting, muscle spasms/tremors, abnormal heart rhythms.

measures amount of potassium in the fluid portion (serum) of the blood.
- note that potassium helps nerves and muscled communicate. Potassium levels in the body are
mainly controlled by the hormone called Aldosterone
- low serum potassium indicates Hypokalemia. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal
gland disorders.
- high serum potassium indicates Hyperkalemia. May cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmias,
muscle weakness, or paralysis.

simple referred to as blood albumin
- is an albumin found in vertebrate blood
- plays an important role in keeping the fluid in the blood from leaking into the tissues.
- low albumin can indicate malnutrition. It can also mean that you have liver disease, kidney
disease, or inflammatory disease.
- higher albumin may be caused by acute infections, burns, stress from surgery or a heart attack.

A blood test to measure the number of WBC in the blood. It is a part of CBC. WBCs are also
called leukocytes. They help fight infections
- high WBC means you have an infection or inflammation in the body
- low WBC can be a sign of a lowered level of immunity or immunosuppression

is a test usually carried out as part of a full blood cell (FBC).
women usually have lower RCB count than men and RBCs tend to decrease with age.
- normal RBC count is around: Men- 4.0-5.9 x 10*12/L. Women- 3.8-5.2 x 10*12/L.
- low RBC indicates anemia. This means your blood has lower than normal hemoglobin (Hgb)
levels. Anemia is a common side effect in people with cancer
- high RBC indicates dehydration, heart disease, polycythemia vera (bone marrow disease that
causes too made red blood cells to be made), scarring of the lungs, and smoking.

Hb) is the protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to
the tissues.
- low Hb indicates Anemia. It can cause tiredness, weakness and shortness of breath
- High Hb indicates Polycythemia, the body makes too many red blood cells causing blood to
become thicker than usual. This can lead to clots, heart attacks, and stroke.

is the percentage of blood cells in the blood. Measurement depends on the number and size of
RBCs.
- normal hematocrit in men: 40.7-50.3%
- normal hematocrit for women: 36.1-44.3%
- low hematocrit indicates Anemia
- High hematocrit indicates Polycythemia Vera.

is a lab test to measure how many platelets you have in your blood.
- note that platelets are particles in the blood that help the blood clot and are also called
thrombocytes. A blood clot can also be called thrombus.
- smaller than red or white blood cells
- low platelet count indicates Thrombocytopenia, a condition can range from mild to severe.
- high platelet count indicates blood clots in the blood vessels

50-500 per mm^3(1-4%)
- normal eosinophil count ranges between 30 and 350 cells per microliter of blood
- Eosinopenia is when a person have low eosinophil count
too much eosinophil can lead to tissue damage

1000-4000 per mm^3(20-40%)
- low lymphocyte means you have lymphonemia and you are at risk of having an infection
- high lymphocyte can point to an infection including bacterial, viral or other type of infection.

2500-8000 per mm^3(55-70%)
- if you have high neutrophils you may develop Leokocytosis or a high total white blood cell count.
- Neutropenia means low neutrophils. Your body may have a hard time fighting infections
- Neutrophilia occurs when neutrophil levels in blood is high

normal monocyte count is between 2% and 8% of white blood cell count. This equals to about
200-800 monocytes per microliter of blood in healthy adults.
- Monocytopenia means low monocyte
- high monocyte count is most often linked to long-term infections, blood disorders, or
autoimmune conditions.

is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood
- high MCH is a common sign of Mecrocytic anemia
- low MCH may indicate iron-deficiency anemia

aka mean cell volume
- is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle.
- Low MVC means that RBC are smaller than normal and may indicate Microcytic anemia
- High MVC, aka macrocytosis, is associated with vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, liver
disease, hyperglycemia, alcoholism, smoking habits, and other pathologic conditions.

Is the measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cell. It
is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit.
- low MCHC mean red blood cells do not have enough hemoglobin
high MCHC may indicate Macrocytic anemia

Aka fasting blood sugar
- measures blood glucose after you have not eaten for at least 8 hours.
- it is often the first test to be conducted to check for prediabetes and diabetes.
- low FBS can cause seizures and brain damage and sometimes shakiness and a faster heart beat.
- high FBS, as with having low FBS, may cause loss of consciousness or seizures

is a Heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with the formula of
C5H4N4O3.
- Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides and it is a normal
component of urine.
- low levels of uric acid may suggest: Wilson’s disease (an inherited disorder that causes copper to
build up in your body tissues), Fanconi syndrome (a kidney disorder most commonly caused by
cystinosis)
- High Uric acid are mainly caused by Diuretics (water retention relievers)
- A person may have Hyperuricemia (causes uric acid to clump together in sharp crystals, it is
treatable)) if he/she have high Uric acid.

is a waxy, fat-like substance that the body needs for good health but in right amounts.
- note that cholesterol in the blood are carried on lipoproteins.
- Low cholesterol levels are known as Hypolipidemia. Obesity, insulin, and smoking can cause low
levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
- High cholesterol is when you have too much of a fatty substance in the blood. Mainly caused by
eating fatty food, not exercising, being overweight, people with high cholesterol are prone to high
blood.

are a type of fat, called lipid that circulates in the blood. They are the most common type of fat in
the body. TAGs comes from butter, oils, and extra calories that the body does not need right away.
- Low TAGs simple indicate that you don’t consume much fat and aren’t much of a concern. But
they may also indicate an underlying condition, impacting thyroid or digestive process
- Lipids, also referred to as fats, is one of the macronutrients that are essential part of the diet.
High TAGs are often a sign of other conditions that increase the risk of heart disease and stroke
including obesity and stroke.

High Density Lipoprotein, is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are
complex particles composed of multiple proteins which transport all fat molecules typically
composed of 80-100 per particle.
- also called “good cholesterol”
- low HDL is linked to an increased risk of heart diseases
- high HDL is the same with low HDL. Both are risks of having heart diseases.

Low Density Lipoprotein, transports all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water.
- Symptoms, whether low or high, is the same with HDL

Very low Density Lipoprotein, contains the highest amount of triglycerides
- considered as a type of bad cholesterol.
- low VLDL indicates good health outcome
- high VLDL indicates high triglycerides and is prone to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and
pancreatit

is a yellowish pigment that is made during the breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin passes
through the liver and excreted out of the body
- high bilirubin leads to Jaundice (a yellow cast to your skin and the whites of your eyes), and can
sometimes indicate different type of liver or bile duct problems
- low levels of bilirubin (Hypobilirubinemia) may be a result of certain medications or caffeine.
Low levels of bilirubin may also be linked to some autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis, lupus, polymyositis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. It may also indicate cardiovascular disease.

Electrocardiography, is the process of producing an electrocardiogram, a recording of the heart’s
electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles. It helps detect problems with the heart rate or
heart rhythm.
- low ECG may be a sign of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
high ECG is an indication that the person have Tachycardia, means that the heart is beating faster
than normal.

Hemoglobin A1C,
- is the average blood glucose levels for the last two-three months. If a patient have diabetes, an
ideal HBA1C level is 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or below. If you’re at risk of developing stage 2
diabetes the ideal level should below 42 mmol/mol (6%)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- A TSH test is a blood test that measures this hormone (refer to the fact above)
- TSH levels that are too high or too low may be a sign of thyroid problem

Acid-fast bacteria culture is done to find out if you have tuberculosis or another mycobacterial
infection
- Medications commonly used for these are Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol

is a dimer that us a fibrin degradation product, a small protein fragment present in the blood after
a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis.
An elevated D-dimer is not normal. It is usually found after a clot has formed and is in the
process of breaking down.
- low D-dimer simply means you don’t have a clotting disorder

- is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the liquid portion of the blood to clot.
- a high PT usually means that there is serious liver damage or cirrhosis / blood takes longer than
usual to clot
- low PT means that blood clots more quickly than normal

International normalized ratio, an assay for evaluating the extrinsic pathway and common
pathway of coagulation. Is also related to Prothrombin time

is an annular pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in
response to inflammation
-high levels of CRP means you have serious health condition that causes inflammation;
autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases. It is advised not to take inflammatory
drugs if theres high CRP levels.
- low levels of CRP is not much of a concern and it simple means that the inflammation in the
body is decreasing or you’re healing on your own.