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m5 biochem carbohydrates

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1
are considered the most abundant class of bioorganic molecules
Carbohydrates
2
Constitute about 75% by mass of dry plant materials
Carbohydrates
3
A polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone or a compound that yields
polyhydroxy aldehydes and polyhydroxy ketones
Carbohydrates
4
process used by plants to produce carbohydrates
Photosynthesis
5
dietary intake produce carbohydrates
Humans
6
give a Functions of Carbohydrates
1.Provides energy
2.Storehouse of chemical energy
3.Supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances
4. Components of supportive structures in plants, crustacean shells, & connective tissues in animals
5.Essential component of nucleic acids; form part of the structural framework of DNA & RNA molecules
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give the Classification of Carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligsaccharides, polysaccharides
8
Contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit
Monosaccharides
9
Cannot be broken down into simpler units (because it is the simplest
form) by hydrolysis reactions
Monosaccharides
10
what are the Pure monosaccharides
water- soluble, white & crystalline solids
11
Most common monosaccharides have
3 (triose) to 9 carbon atoms
12
monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group
ALDOSES
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monosaccharides containing a ketone group
KETOSES
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carbohydrates are composed of
carbon + water
15
general formula of carbohydrates
C6H12O6
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aldoses also refered as
glucose
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ketoses also refered as
fructose
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Carbohydrates that contain two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond
Disaccharides
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In the formation of a disaccharide, one of the monosaccharide reactants, functions as a _________, and other
functions as an __________
hemiacetal, alcohol
20
Bond is always a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond
Disaccharides
21
bond in a disaccharide resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom -
OH group of one monosaccharide and an -OH group of the other monosaccharide
Glycosidic linkages
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it Contain 2-10 monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other
Oligosaccharides
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are considered as the most common type of oligosaccharide
Disaccharides
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Often associated with lipids
Oligosaccharides
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Once hydrolyzed, it produces monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
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A polymeric carbohydrate that contain a large number of
monosaccharide units, joined to the next by one or more glycosidic
bonds
Polysaccharides
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Simplest monosaccharide
D-Glyceraldehyde & Dihydroxyacetone
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These are trioses are important intermediates in the process of glycolysis (convert glucose into two pirovate)
D-Glyceraldehyde & Dihydroxyacetone
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D-glyceraldehyde is a ________- while dihydroxyacetone is _______
chiral molecule, not chiral molecule
30
Most abundant in nature
D-Glucose
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Most important in a human nutritional standpoint o responsible for generating ATP
D-Glucose
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Utilized as a primary source of energy
D-Glucose
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Ripe grapes are a good source of glucose; hence, it is also known as grape sugar
D-Glucose
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what are the Other names of D- Glucose
Dextrose/ Blood sugar
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what is the Normal concentration in human blood
70 - 100mg/dL
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Play an important role in keeping blood glucose concentration within the normal range
Insulin and glucagon
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Abnormal functioning of the hormonal control process for blood glucose levels leads to ________
diabetes
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produced by beta cells and its main function is to prevent high levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) & to inhibit glucagon inhibition
Insulin
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tastes sweet, nutritious & a vital component of the human diet
D-Glucose
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produced by pancreas and prevent blood glucose from dropping too low (glycogenolysis) simulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
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tasteless and cannot be used by the human body
L-Glucose
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dextro is?
right
43
Levo is ?
left
44
aka Brain Sugar
D-Galactose
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Synthesized from glucose in the mammary glands for use in lactose
D-Galactose
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Present as a chemical marker that distinguishes types of blood
D-Galactose
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Monomer unit: glucose + galactose
D-Galactose
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is a component of glycoprotein is found in brain & nerve
tissues
galactose
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Most important ketohexose (6 carbon atoms)
D-Fructose
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aka Levulose & fruit sugar
D-Fructose
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sweetest-tasting of all sugars
D-Fructose
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Present in many fruits and honey
D-Fructose
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Sometimes used as a dietary sugar
D-Fructose
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D - ribose is classified as a
pentose sugar (5 carbon atom)
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A known component of RNAs & energy-rich compounds such as ATPs
D-Ribose
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also known as Malt Sugar
maltose
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Monosaccharide units of maltose
glucose
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Produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down
Maltose
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Classified as a reducing sugar
Maltose
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Digested and readily fermented by yeast
Maltose
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Produced as an intermediate in a hydrolysis reaction
Cellobiose
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Contains two D-glucose monosaccharides
Cellobiose
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Cannot be digested by humans or fermented by yeast
Cellobiose
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Major sugar found in Milk ; aka Milk sugar
lactose
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lactose convert to when milk goes bad
lactic acid
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Important ingredient in commercially produced infant formulas that are designed to stimulate mother's milk
lactose
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Also known as common table sugar
Sucrose
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Known as the MOST ABUNDANT out of all disaccharides
Sucrose
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Produced commercially from the juices of sugarcane & sugar beets
Sucrose
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This is a non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
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Sugarcane contains up to __% by mass sucrose.
Sugar beets contain up to __% by mass sucrose
20, 17
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These are carbohydrates that contain three to ten monosaccharide units that are bonded together by glycosidic
linkages
Oligosaccharides
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are naturally occurring oligosaccharides found in onions, cabbage, broccoli, brussel
sprouts, whole wheat, and all types of beans
Raffinose & Stachyose
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Raffinose Monosaccharide units are
galactose, glucose, and fructose
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Stachyose Monosaccharide units are
galactose, glucose, fructose, and an additional galactose
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contain one type of monosaccharide unit starch
Homopolysaccharides
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contain more than one type of monosaccharide unit ex. Heparin & hyaluronic acid
Heteropolysaccharides
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in Polysaccharides (Glycan)

Glycosidic linkages between monomer chain
Degree of branching of the polymer units


only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements aare correct
both statements are incorrect
both are wrong

Glycosidic linkages between monomer units
Degree of branching of the polymer chain
79
containing glucose monosaccharide units
Homopolysaccharide
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Straight-chain glucose polymer
Amylose
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amylose Accounts for __ - __% of the starch
15-20%
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Branched glucose polymer
Amylopectin
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amylopectin Accounts for __ - __% of the starch
80-85%
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containing only glucose units
Polysaccharide
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Form of stored glucose in humans & animals
Glycogen
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Known as animal starch
Glycogen
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Ideal storage form for glucose
Glycogen
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When there is excess glucose in the blood, it is converted to
Glycogen
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storage sites of glycogen
liver cells and muscle cells
90
Process wherein formation of glycogen occurs
Glycogenesis
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Takes place when blood glucose levels are sufficiently high. This is to allow excess glucose to be stored in the liver
and muscle cells
Glycogenesis
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Occurs primarily in the liver
Glycogenolysis
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Stimulated by glucagon & epinephrine
Glycogenolysis
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Glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy & to aid in the maintenance of blood glucose
levels during fasting
Glycogenolysis
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Most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide
Cellulose
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Not considered as a source of nutrition for human but still a vital component of a
balanced diet as it serves as a dietary fiber
Cellulose
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Unbranched glucose polymer
Cellulose
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Similar to cellulose in both function & structure
Chitin
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Gives rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimps, insects, & other arthropods
Chitin
100
Occurs in the cell walls of fungi
Chitin
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Gives the configuration only at the highest numbered chiral center. (farthest from your carbonyl group *3rd to 6th)
D, L Nomenclature
102
The highest numbered chiral center in a monosaccharide is always the chiral center that is farthest from the
monosaccharide’s carbonyl group.
D, L Nomenclature
103
A two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a
monosaccharide.
Haworth Projections
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