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biochem m9 plasma membrane

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1
Creates and defines cell boundaries by forming closed compartments around the cytoplasm
plasma membrane
2
Has selective permeability and also acts as a barrier, hereby maintaning differences in composition between
the outside and inside of the cell.
plasma membrane
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Exchanges materials with the extracellular environment
plasma membrane
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Plays KEY ROLES in cell-cell interactions & in transmembrane signaling.
plasma membrane
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Forms specialized compartments within the cell
plasma membrane
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IN plasma membrane what does function as integral elements in excitation-response coupling, & provide sites of energy transduction.
localize enzymes
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it Constitutes 2/3 of total body water
INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
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in INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS, it Provides a specialized environment for the cell to ?
to make, store, and utilize energy
to repair itself
to replicate
perform cell-specific functions
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it Contains about 1/3 of total body water
EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS also known and cosidered as
delivery system
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Distributed between the plasma and interstitial compartments
EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
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INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT is rich in:
K & Mg, & phosphate
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in internal environment what is the major inorganic anion
phosphate
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contains a high concentration of protein that acts as a major intracellular buffer
cytosol
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cytosol also act as
a major intracellular buffer
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is characterized by high concentration of Na, Ca, & Cl
extracellular fluid
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID is composed of
Na, Cl and Ca
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major anion of extracelluar fluid
cl
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Most membrane proteins are classified as
integral class
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what is integral proteins
Usually GLOBULAR and are Amphipathic ,
Asymmetrically distributed across the membrane bilayer ,
Consist of two hydrophilic ends separated by an intervening
hydrophobic region that traverses the hydrophobic core of
the bilayer
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Do not interact directly with the hydrophobic cores of the phospholipids in the bilayer and does not need detergents for their release
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
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examples of PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
Ankyrin & Spectrin
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Can be released by treatment with salt solutions of high ionic strength
Peripheral Proteins
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bound to hydrophilic regions of specific integral proteins & head groups of phospholipids
Peripheral Proteins
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_______ of the membranes can be varied which allows systematic examination of the effects of varying lipid composition on certain functions
lipid content
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___________ can be
incorporated into these vesicles in order to assess the different
factors that proteins require to reconstitute their function
PURIFIED MEMBRANE PROTEINS OR ENZYMES
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THE ENVIRONMENT can be rigidly controlled and systematically
varied, what are the examples
Ion concentrations & ligands
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______ made to entrap certain compounds within the vesicle
such as drugs & isolated genes
Liposomes
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increase fluidity of a bilayer by decreasing the compactness of the side chain packing without diminishing
hydrophobicity.
unsaturated bonds
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acts as a buffer which modifies membrane fluidity
cholesterol
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As membrane fluidity increases, what does happens to permeability to water and other small hydrophilic molecules
increases also
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Lateral mobility of integral proteins increases as the _________ membrane increases
fluidity
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Specialized areas of the exoplasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer enriched in _________
cholesterol,
sphingolipids, and
certain proteins.
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Hypothesized to be involved in Signal
Transduction and other processes.
lipid rafts
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Proteins detected in the caveolae include various components of the __________
signal transduction system, the
folate receptor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Observable via electron
microscopy as flask-shaped
indentations of the cell
membrane into the cytosol
Caveolae
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2 types of Cross-Membrane Movement of Small Molecules
Diffusion (Passive & Facilitated)
Active Transport
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Cross-Membrane Movement of Large Molecules
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
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in Signal Transmission Across Membranes what is the 2 types of
Cell Surface Receptors
Signal Transduction
Signal Internalization
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is the flow of solute from a higher to a lower concentration due to random thermal movement
Passive (simple) Diffusion
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passive transport of a solute from a higher concentration to lower concentration, mediated by a specific protein transporter.
Facilitated Diffusion
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it transport of solute across a membrane in the direction of increasing concentration and requires energy, a specific transporter is involved.
active transport
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ion channel or transporter

are pore- forming membrane proteins that allow the movement of ions through the cell membrane
ion channel
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ion channel or transporter

Transport ions through the concentration or electrochemical gradient
ion channel
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ion channel or transporter

A passive transport mechanism since cellular energy is not used for the transportation of ions
ion channel
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ion channel or transporter

Voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, and aquaporins are the three types
ion channel
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ion channel or transporter

Primary transporters, symporters, and antiporters are the three types
transporter
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ion channel or transporter

An active transport mechanism since ATP is used in the form of cellular energy
transporter
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ion channel or transporter

Ions move across the cell membrane against the gradient
transporter
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ion channel or transporter

are transmembrane proteins that transport ions across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
Transporters
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

is involved in the up taking of substances from the external environment
exdocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

involved in the elimination of waste and secretion of contents in Golgi into the external environment
exocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

An endocytic vesicle is formed surrounding the foreign substance
exdocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Vesicle containing the waste is fused with the plasma membrane
exocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Occurs by both phagocytosis and pinocytosis
exdocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Occurs by constitutive and regulated secretory pathway
exocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Internal vesicles like phagosomes are formed
exdocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Engulfing bacteria by phagocytes is an example
exdocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Secretory vesicles are formed
exocytosis
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exdocytosis or exocytosis

Releasing of hormones out of the cell is an example
exocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

is the ingestion of solid particle into the cell by phagocyte
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

is the ingestion of liquid droplets into the cell by small vesicles
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Pseudopodia are formed
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Invagination occurs
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Around 1-2 um size particles are ingested
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Around 0.1-0.2 µm size liquid droplets are ingested
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

A triggered process, involving receptors like IgG
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

A constitutive process, occurring continuously
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Phagosomes are formed
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Pinosomes are formed
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Ingested particles are broken down into simple substances before absorption
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Ingested liquids by pinocytosis are readily absorbed
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Generally used for the defensive purposes of the cell
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Used in order to intake important materials
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Mostly found in the immune cells of the body
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Usually occurs in almost all the cells in the body
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Food vacuoles are formed by the combination of phagosomes and lysosomes
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Lysosomes are not involved with pinosomes in the process
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Exocytosis occurs at the end
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Exocytosis does not occur
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Example: engulfment of bacteria by white blood cells
phagocytosis
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phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Example: uptaking of enzymes and hormones from the extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Endocytotic mechanism in which specific molecules are ingested into the cell
receptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Also called as cell drinking
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Also called clathrin- mediated endocytosis
recptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Mainly uptakes liquids
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Mainly uptakes solutes
receptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Receptors are not involved
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Receptors on the cell membrane are involved
rececptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Not a selective process
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

selective process
receptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Solutes in the extracellular fluid enter into the cell through pinocytosis
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Selected solutes bind to the receptors and enter the cell during receptor-mediated endocytosis
receptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Vesicles form through the invagination of the plasma membrane
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Vesicles form through the internal budding of the plasma membrane
receptor
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

A less efficient process
pinocytosis
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pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

An efficient process
receptor
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