mars test 3

Oceans, glaciers, polar ice, groundwater, lakes and rivers, atmosphere and biosphere.

Oceans

evaporation, transpiration, runoff, infiltration, glaciers

solar radiation provides energy to evaporate water

rain or snow

evaporation from plants

water flowing over land surfaces

water soaking into the ground

storage of water

body of running water, confined to a channel, that runs downhill under the influence of gravity. Does not specify size.

headwaters, mouth, channel, stream banks, streambed, floodplain

total area drained by a stream and its tributaries

small stream flowing into a larger one

ridge or high ground that divides one drainage basin from another

separates the streams that flow into the pacific from those that flow into the atlantic and gulf of mexico.

dendritic, radial, rectangular, trellis

resembles the branches of a tree

look like spokes on a wheel, happen on conical mountains

frequet 90 degree bends and joins into other streams

parallel streams with short tributaries

controlled by flow velocity and stream discharge

draw urself :3

water that lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores in sediments and sedimentary rocks and fractures in other types of rocks. Represents 0.6% of the hydrosphere. resupplied by slow infiltration of precipitation. Generally cleaner than surface water, accessed by wells.

measurement of a rocks ability to hold water

the capacity of a rock to transmit fluid through pores and fractures

the subsurface region above the water table that is unsaturated

the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water

top of the saturated zone

body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. Usually sandstone, conglomerate, sand and gravel, etc.

large, long lasting mass of ice, formed on land that moves under its own weight. 75% of worlds freshwater is stored here.

a mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000 km^2

permanent floating ice connected to a landmass mainland. does not have an SLE.

the change in global averaged sea level that would occur of a given amount of water or ice were added

frozen ocean that forms in the water.

zone of accumulation, zone of ablation, equilibrium line.

area with perennial snow cover

the area of ice loss by melting, evaporation, and calving.

boundary where winter snow is lost and doesn't contribute to glacial growth. AKA: snow line

accumulation greater than ablation, an advancing glacier

ablation exceeds accumulation, receding glacier.

90% air

50% ice

20-30% air

20% air as bubbles

the lower zone of a glacier that is the primary location of movement

the upper portioin of a glacier that is passively "riding along".

fractures formed in the upper rigid zone during glacier flow, most often around curves.

a form of glacier ablation where large ice chunks break off from terminus of glacier

large mass of glacial ice calved into water, 90% of it is below water

dislodging of bedrock fragments by the freezing of basal water

the production of mud, the grinding of bedrock.

erosional lines in bedrock, indicates glacier flow direction.

steep-side, half-bowl-shaped recess carved into a mountain at the head of a valley carved by a glacier.

till, tillite, erratic, moraine, drumlins, eskers, kettles,

poorly sorted, angular rock fragments transported and then deposited by a glacier. clay to boulder sized.

lithified till.

an ice transported boulder

glacial till that occurs as a body of unsorted sediment on or left behind by a glacier. Can be lateral, medial, or end.

shaped like an inverted spoon in the direction of glacial travel.

sinuous sediment deposits at the terminus of a glacier deposited by water

hole in landscape created as sediment accumulates around ice block that subsequently melts.

all the land near the sea, including the beacj and land just inland from the beach.

created by wind blowing over the surface of the water. wave height is controlled by wind speed, time of wind blowing, fetch (distance over which the wind blows)

the vertical distance between the crest (top) and trough (bottom) of a wave

the horizontal distance between two crests.

waves breaking along the shore

waves hitting the shoreline at an angle bend and change direction to become more nearly parallet to the shoreline

refracted waves hitting the coastline at a slight angle, which pushes water parallel to the coastline.

movement of sediment parallel to shoreline under the force of longshore currents

spits (build out points from mainland), baymouth bars (ridges of sediments that cut bays off from the ocean), tombolo (bar of sediment connecting a former island to the shore)

bulges in the ocean caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun on earth's ocean, bulges remained aligned with the moon.

highest tides produced by the alignment of the earth, sun, and moon.

at the first and third quarter of the moon, sun and moon are at right angles to each other.

the result of all the sedimentary inputs and outputs into a sedimentary environment. inputs include terrestrial supply, marine sediments from offshore, riverine sources. Outputs include transport to dunes, export to deep ocean.

the height, relative to some data, of the surface of the sea as measured at a given time and place.

drowned river mouths

drowned glacially cut valleys

strip of sediment from the low water line inland to a cliff or zone of permanent vegetation.

jetties (rockwalls along the harbor), groins (seawall things that trap sand), seawall itself, breakwaters (offshore structures that absorb large breakers.

body of sediment deposited when a river or riverlike current flows into a standing water body, like a lake or sea.

long semi straight features that run parallel to the coastline and are separated from mainland. Galveston.

shallow marine environments separated from the open sea by barrier islands.

discrete carbonate structure formed either in situ or bound organic components that develop topographic relief on the seafloor. Shoal of rock, sand, coral or similar material beneath the ocean floor.

Yes! but only warm water tropical corals build reefs.

a living invertibrate organism, cousin to the jellyfish

reef building hermatypic, and solitary ahermatypic.

animal portion of the reef, absorbs calcium carbonate.

soft bodied, carnivorous, have stinging cells, and are symmetrical.

polyp and medusa.

stinging cells that help catch food.

budding, or when a baby polyp will begin growing off the adult and detach when ready. New colonies cannot form.

spawning, they use external fertilization. can start new colonies.

single celled dinoflagellate algae that live in symbiosis with multiple marine invertibrates. lives in the skin of the coral. has chloroplasts.

coral provide protection, zooxanthella provide color and get sugars, amino acids, nutrients. zooxanthella get carbon dioxide, phosphates, and nitrogen compounds.

temperature of 73-75 D, depth of 80-230 ft, normal salt levels, need to be in light, normal sedimentation,

when the zymbiotic relationship between coral and zooxanthella is stresed, the corals will expel the algae.

primary reef framework, secondary reedf, erosion, internal sedimentation, internal cementation.

fringing (flat, table like reefs attached to shore, hawaiian islands), barrier (parallel to shore, australia), atolls (rim lagoons, french polynesia)

stromatolites, 3.5 bya

2.1 bya

1 bya - 541 mya

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

eubacteria, archaeobacteria, plantae, animalia, fungi, protista

substances internal resistance to flow, increases with salinity and temp reductions.

\frac{Surface}/{Volume}

organism can withstand only small temp/salinity changes

organism can withstand a variable temp/saline changes

increases at ~1kgcm^2 every 10 m of depth, deep ocecan is several hundred kgcm^2 (several tons per in^2)

epipelagic mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, euphotic, disphotic, aphotic.

surface to 200 m

200 to 1000 m

1000 to 4000 m

>4000 m

surface to 100 m

100 to 1000 m

>1000 m

the rate at which organisms store energy through the formation of organic matter using energy derived from photosynthesis adn chemosynthesis

99

V=(pi r^2)(L), water samples, satellites.

the water depth at which is so limited the net photosynthesis 0

the ratio of C:N:P in algae tissues, 106:16:1.

dead zones, the water becomes anoxic and kills marine life that do not flee.

10%

animal plankton

animals that spend only part of their life cycle in the plankton and the remainder in an alternate life mode.

planktonic eggs and larvae of fish

all the rest of zooplankton, jellyfish and such.

type of holoplankton that range in size from 20-200 micrometers.

type of holoplankton that include the copepods, amphipods, mysids, and euphausiids.

type of holoplankton that usually have shells. inlcude heteropoda, thecosomata, gymnosomata

type of holoplankton that include cnidaria, hydromedusae, siphonophores, etc.

transfer of carbon and nutrients from the upper ocean to teh sea floor, mostly through particulate organic matter (POM)

dissolved organic matter

dissolved organic carbon