1Define the term nucleophile
A molecule or ion that donates electrons.
2What are halogenoalkanes?
Alkanes with at least one halogen atom bonded to the carbon chain.
3What prefixes indicate the presence of different halogens in halogenoalkanes?
Chloro-, Bromo-, Iodo-.
4What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes?
Primary: Halogen attached to a carbon bonded to 1 other carbon. Secondary: Halogen attached to a carbon bonded to 2 other carbons. Tertiary: Halogen attached to a carbon bonded to 3 other carbons.
5What is formed when a halogenoalkane reacts with aqueous KOH?
An alcohol is formed. The OH⁻ ion acts as a nucleophile.
6What is formed when a halogenoalkane reacts with ethanolic KOH?
An alkene is produced (elimination reaction).
7What is formed when a halogenoalkane reacts with alcoholic ammonia under pressure?
An amine is produced. Ammonia acts as the nucleophile.
8What is formed when a halogenoalkane reacts with alcoholic KCN?
A nitrile is produced. The cyanide ion acts as the nucleophile.
9How can halogenoalkanes be identified qualitatively?
Add ethanol, then aqueous AgNO₃. A silver halide precipitate confirms presence.
10What precipitate forms when chloroethane reacts with AgNO₃?
AgCl - White precipitate.
11What precipitate forms when bromoethane reacts with AgNO₃?
AgBr - Cream precipitate.
12What precipitate forms when iodoethane reacts with AgNO₃?
AgI - Yellow precipitate.
13What is the name of the mechanism for the reaction between a halogenoalkane and ammonia?
Nucleophilic substitution.
14What condition is required for a halogenoalkane to form an alcohol rather than an alkene with KOH?
KOH must be aqueous. If ethanolic, an alkene forms.
15What is the reactivity trend of primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes?
Tertiary > Secondary > Primary (Tertiary is most reactive).
16What is the reactivity trend of chloro-, bromo-, and iodo- halogenoalkanes?
Iodo- > Bromo- > Chloro- (C-I bond is weakest and breaks easily).
17What is an alcohol?
An organic compound containing an OH functional group. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH.
18What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols?
Primary: OH attached to a carbon bonded to 1 other carbon. Secondary: OH attached to a carbon bonded to 2 other carbons. Tertiary: OH attached to a carbon bonded to 3 other carbons.
19What is the suffix for an alcohol?
-ol (e.g., ethanol). If not possible, "hydroxy-" is used.
20What is the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol?
CH₃CH₂OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O.
21What is required for complete combustion to occur?
Excess oxygen.
22What is the equation for the incomplete combustion of ethanol (producing CO)?
C₂H₅OH + 2O₂ → 3H₂O + 2CO.
23How can chloroalkanes be formed from alcohols?
Add PCl₅.
24What is the reaction equation for ethanol with PCl₅?
C₂H₅OH + PCl₅ → C₂H₅Cl + POCl₃ + HCl.
25How can alcohols be tested using PCl₅?
A violent reaction with HCl gas confirms alcohol presence.
26How can bromoalkanes be formed from alcohols?
Add KBr and 50% conc. H₂SO₄, which forms HBr, reacting with the alcohol.
27What are the equations for ethanol reacting with KBr and H₂SO₄?
2KBr + H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2HBr; HBr + C₂H₅OH → C₂H₅Br + H₂O.
28How can iodoalkanes be formed from alcohols?
Add red phosphorus and iodine.
29What are the equations for ethanol reacting with red phosphorus and iodine?
2P + 3I₂ → 2PI₃; 3C₂H₅OH + PI₃ → 3C₂H₅I + H₃PO₃.
30How can alcohols be converted into alkenes?
Elimination reaction using conc. H₃PO₄.
31What reagent can oxidize alcohols?
Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ (orange to green color change).
32Which alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes?
Primary alcohols, with a horizontal condenser for immediate distillation.
33Which alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids?
Primary alcohols under reflux.
34Which alcohols can be oxidized to ketones?
Secondary alcohols.
35What data helps determine the functional groups in organic compounds?
Infrared spectra.
36How does infrared spectroscopy work?
Different bonds vibrate differently, allowing functional group identification.