1xray error codes
A - missing AREA
B - BEAM angulation (IPC overlap)
C - cone cut (PID not align with ring)
2around the root, explain structures in opacity
right around root: PDLs, are RL
outside of PDL: lamina dura, more RO
3how to see sign of bone loss on BW
if the alveolar crest outlines of bone are not continuous
4 follicle
RL and then RO rim around impacted or developing tooth; if more than 5mm then tis a sign of cystic degen
5funnel shape apex vs PA lesion
funnel shape is when a root is not closed in because it is develpping
PA lesion will show enlarged PDL space
6cancellous bone pattern
posterior mandible: sparse and large
ant mand: coarse and more horizontal
max: thin, numerous and granular pattern
7how far can the mylohyoid ridge extend to
all the way up to 1m region
8how far does mandibular canal extend
2PM (where mental foramen is, why root apex of 2pm can superimpose mental foramen)
9how to tell apart mental foramen vs PA lesion for 2PM
PDL space enlarged or not
10anterior looping of canal
when inf alv n extends to the anterior
11genial tubercule origin
above: genioglossus muscle
below: geniohyoid muscles
12lingual (spinous) foramen
canal between the genial tubercle
there can be two foramens (superior is neurovascular, inferior is subling art and mylohyoid n)
13mental fossa
radiolucency around the roots of mandibular incisors
14mental ridge
RO outline from bony protuberance below mental fossa
15 U shaped radiopacity in maxilla
zygomatic process
16when should you suspect maxillary sinus pathology
when the white radiopaque smooth line is not continuous
17if patient is edentulous, what happens to the nasal cavity
floor of cavity will creep up closer to the alv ridge
18nasolabial fold
soft tissue giving whiter or brighter appearance of posterior teeth
19inverted Y
formed by nasal fossa and max sinus
seen most in max canine/PM
20dense structure where floor of nasal cavity meels in midline
anterior nasal spine
21RL area between roots of max cents
incisive foramen