Unit 3 Psychoactive drugs yo

Mimic or enhances a neurotransmitter

May reduce release of neurotransmitter or block receptors

Those that alter brain function and therby affect concious experiences, such an anxiety relief or halucination

Any substance that changes the body or its functioning

Constiptation,vommting,dizziness

They bind to neurotransmitters and produce a seirer of eeffects

Need alot of a drugs to get an effect

Lower concentration will be need to bind the receptors

Preoccupation with obtaining a drug
Compulsive use of the drug in spite of adverse
consequences
A high tendency to relapse after quitting

Negative rection that occurs when drug use is stopped?

Person becomes less responsive to the drug,
requiring increasing amounts of the drug to produce the same results and is a massive reason for a overdose

increasingly effective in breaking down and
removing drug diminishing effectiveness

Target tissue shows altered sensitivity
to the drug

Agonist stimulates opoid recepeotrs
Antagonist: Not enough stimuation gonna produce more cells

Treatments to reduce anxiety reduce nervous system activity

originally developed to reduce anxiety, promote sleep
addictive, easily overdosed

developed in the 1970s (Valium, Ativan)
binds to specific site on the GABAA
receptor

Stimulates gama A receptors

Morphine oxycontine,codeine high abuse
potential, since they mimic natural
pain killers called endorphins)

pain relief

sleep-inducing

strong feelings of
happiness

– Produces intense euphoria
– Crosses the blood brain barrier
– Tolerance develops rapidly

A association between
tolerance and the environment in
which it develops
– When a drug is taken in a
different setting, it is more likely
to result in an overdose

Rapidly reverse effects of opiates
Also block the effects of alchol
Are also known opiate antagonists

Increase activity of the nervous system by acivate the CNS to produce arousal, alletness, relives fatigue, decreased appetie, and elvated mood

Blocks dopamine and serontin reptuake
Dopmanine removes cortical inabition

Initatial agitation
Strong drug cravings
Craving followed by depression
Glucose metabolism in brain decreased for months
Dual depedendence IE with alchog

Increased vigor and stamina
Decreased appetie
Wakefullness
Prolonged use with amphetamine or cocaine can ,ead to symptoms that resemble paranoid schizophrenia

Turns of cotical himbition, reducing social constraints and anxiety
Higher doeses produces sedative and hypntoic effects

Acute effects include alchol induced coma or death
Chronic effects include liver damage and brain associated with krosaffs syndrom

Alcohol inhibits glutamate
(excitatory transmitter)
– Alcohol part of the GABAA
receptor complex (inhibitory
effects)
– Effect is sedation, anxiolytic,
muscle relaxation, and
inhibition of cognitive and
motor skills

• Alcohol’s pleasurable effects likely due to
stimulation of opiate, serotonin, and cannabinoid
receptors
• Withdrawal is dangerous, and may produce a condition
known as delirium tremens

Hallucinations, delusions, confusion, and, in extreme
cases, seizures and possible death as a reaction to withdrawl of alchohol

You are a bad person for doing drrugs

The longer you go without a drug the longer you have negative effects

Hypothesis basis addiction is reward and increases dopamine within the brain

process by
which individuals develop either male
or female bodies and behaviors.

process by which
the decision is made for a fetus to
develop as a male or a female

s begin to
change into ovaries or testes
in the first month

(sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) is responsible for the development of testes.

Drives masculinatizion

Lesions in this area disrupt ovultory and copultry behaviors in femaales and males respectiviely

Synchronized with physiological readiness to reproudce and learned asscoations

Establish, maintain, or promote sexual interaction

Females ovulate or release eggs every 4-5 days

Loses interest in mating because testerone is no longer produced

Reproudctive behaviior

accessed from conscious
recollection
are easy to form and easily
forgotten

can be performed without
conscious recollection
tend to require repetition and
practice over a longer time but less likely to be
forgotten

that is temporary, limited in capacity, and requires
continual rehearsal

more permanent, has a much greater capacity, and
does not require continual rehearsal

The process of storing new information in long-term memory is

serious loss of memory and/or the ability to learn usually caused by concussion, chronic alcoholism, brain tumor or stroke

-memory loss for events prior to the trauma

an inability to form new memories following brain trauma

sudden onset of
anterograde amnesia that only lasts minutes to days,
accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recent events
preceding the attack

short-term memory intact, e.g. could remember a
short list of words
retrograde amnesia- difficulty retrieving memories that
formed during 10 years before operation
severe anterograde amnesia- inability to retain new
material for more than a brief period (declarative)

Stage 3 and 4 common early evening sleep

Similar to AWake EEG but slower
Low volatge high frequncy
Drowsy state

K complexes – one large negative (upward deflection) wave followed
by one large positive wave
• Sleep spindles – bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
• Approximately 50% of sleep time

Theta Waves (4-7 Hz) and Delta waves (1-2 Hz),
large and slow

-desynchronized (low-voltage/mixed frequency) EEG recording, loss of muscle tone in the skeletal muscles (atonia) & periodic bursts of rapid eye movements.

Subjects reported mild, temporary personality changes,i.e. irritability,
increased anxiety, and impaired concentration

• Subjects tested after bouts of REM sleep or NREM sleep or when

dreams are seen as the associations and memories
of the cerebral cortex that are elicited by the
random discharges of the pons during REM sleep

Cortex

Cut through midbrain separating forebrain and part of midbrain from all
lower structures

Relases GABA into the tubernomalairy nucleaus in the hypothalumus

disorders of sleep initiation and maintenance

disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness REM-sleep
dysfunctions
30% of respondents report sleep-related problems – far fewer truly have a
problem

– physician-created
• Consequence of sleeping pill use, for example
• Alternative treatment: sleep restriction

stop breathing during the night leads to repeated awakenings. Two
types
Obstructive
• Central
• Most commonly seen in males, individuals who are
overweight, and the elder

(sleepwalking) occurs during stage 3/4 SWS.
Most are not acting out a dream; main problem is the inability to wake into full
contact with their surroundings.

Severe daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks

Loss of muscle tone while awake

Paralyized while falling asleeep or upon waking

Dream while walking

Narcoleptic dogs have abnormal hypocretin receptors
• receptors concentrated in the hypothalamus which
project to cholinergic forebrain (arousal) and brain
stem neurons that control muscle tone