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1
what is culture?
shared beliefs, traditions, behaviours, and ways of life within a group.
2
what is material culture?
physical objects that are apart of a culture and can be seen/touched.
3
what are some examples of material culture items?
clothing, food, technology, art, etc.
4
what is non-material culture?
ideas, beliefs, values, and traditions of a culture that can't be touched.
5
what are some examples of non-material culture?
religion, language, symbols, etc.
6
what's the difference between nature and nurture?
nature is how genetics and biology influence how we behave, whereas nurture is how environmental factors influence who we are and how we behave
7
what's the difference between society and nation?
a society is a shared group of people that live in a particular area, interact, and share a culture. whereas, a nation is a group of people who share an identity, language, and history.
8
what are the 4 elements of culture?
symbols, language, values, and norms.
9
what are symbols in culture?
words, images, or gestures with special meaning inside a culture.
10
what is language in culture?
a system of words, symbols, and gestures that people use to communicate, share ideas, and pass down beliefs, values, and traditions. what are values in culture?
11
what are beliefs in culture?
ideas and thoughts that people hold to be true.
12
what are norms in culture?
standards for acceptable, expected behavior within a culture.
13
what is the saphir-whorf thesis?
the idea that our language shapes how we think and view reality.
14
what are the 3 types of norms?
folkways, mores, and laws.
15
what are folkways?
everyday social rules that don't have serious repercussions if broken (such as saying please, thank you, or waiting in line).
16
what are mores?
important social rules based on what society considers right and wrong (not cheating, lying, and cheating).
17
what are laws?
rules created and enforced by the government.
18
what is social control?
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviour (traffic regulations, criminal justice systems, educational and workplace policies).
19
what is ideal culture?
how society expects people to act based on values and norms.
20
what is real culture?
the norms and values that people actually follow everyday.
21
true or false: culture is always changing
true!
22
what is culture shock?
feeling confused/surprised when experiencing unfamiliar cultures.
23
what is ethnocentrism?
the belief that our own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
24
what is eurocentrism?
the belief that European culture, values, and ways of thinking are superior to or more important than those of other cultures. what is material cultural change?
25
what is non-material culture change?
changes in beliefs, values, traditions, and social norms.
26
what is social lag (william ogburn)?
when material culture (technology) changes faster than non-material culture (beliefs, laws, and values) creating a gap between them.
27
what is cultural diversity?
the coexistence of different cultural and ethnic groups within a society, community, or organization.
28
what are the 2 factors of cultural diversity?
high culture and popular culture.
29
what is high culture?
culture that exists in high class society (wealth/formality)
30
what are some examples of high culture?
opera, ballets, fine art, classical music, theatre, and art galleries.
31
what is popular culture?
cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.
32
what are examples of popular cultures?
tiktok, instagram, netflix, and video games.
33
what is subculture?
a smaller cultural group that exists within a larger, dominant culture.
34
what are some examples of subculture groups?
goths, skaters, gamers, etc.
35
what is cultural relativism?
judging a culture using its own standards instead of your own.
36
what is counterculture?
a group whose beliefs and behaviours go against society's common views and values.
37
what is cultural integration?
how different parts of a culture are connected and influence each other.
38
what are the 3 factors of cultural change?
invention, discovery, and diffusion.
39
what is invention in culture?
creating something new in a culture.
40
what is discovery in culture?
finding or learning about something that already exists.
41
what is diffusion in culture?
transfer of ideas between cultures.
42
what is global culture?
the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world.
43
what are cultural universals?
customs and practices that occur across all societies.
44
what did george peter murdock do?
he discovered over 70 cultural universals such as appearance, activities, social institutions, and customary practices.
45
what is global inequality?
the unequal distribution of wealth, resources, and opportunities between countries around the world.
46
what is a functionalist perspective?
an approach that emphasizes the way parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
47
what is a critical perspective?
the idea that culture can be used by powerful groups to maintain control and inequality in society, leaving other groups at a disadvantage.
48
what's the feminist theory?
examines how culture creates and maintains gender inequality, often giving men more power than women.
49
what is the symbolic interaction perspective?
how culture is created, shared, and changed through people's everyday interactions.
50
what is the post-modern perspective?
the idea that society is constantly changing and that the media, technology, and different viewpoints shape how we understand reality.
51
who was jean baudrillard?
french sociologist who believed that modern society increasingly experiences the world through images, media, and simulations rather than through reality.
52
what is a simulation?
an imitation or recreation of reality.
53
what is hyperreality?
when people can't tell the difference between actual reality and a simulation or artificial representation of reality.
54
what is social imagination?
connection of our personal experiences to society at large and greater historical forces.
55
what's the importance of social imagination?
it helps us understand how society influences our personal lives, choices, and problems.
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