11.What does Aristotle mean by the Greek term eudaimonia?
He describes it as the highest human good
and that The only human good that is desirable for its own sake rather than for the sake of something else
22.Why does Aristotle claim that “happiness” is the highest good human beings can achieve?
Because it makes us complete, self-sufficient, and it is the most choice worthy
33.What is the “proper function” of human beings according to Aristotle? Do you agree with his view?
rationality
44.What is a “virtue” according to Aristotle?
Character trait that one develops out of habitual action that is orientated to our own experiences
55.What is Aristotle’s view regarding the necessity of friendship for a happy life?
Views it as necessary for a happy (flourishing) life
66.Describe Aristotle’s three kinds of friendship.
Utility, Pleasure, and Virtue
77.What does Aristotle consider the first two kinds to be “fragile” and the third to be “rare”?’
1st 2 kinds (Utility & Pleasure) may be had between bad people
and 3rd (Virtue) cannot in the absence of moral correctionehabilitation
this is rare
88.Can a virtuous person be friends with a bad person according to Aristotle?
Only good men can be friends; for bad men do not delight in each other unless some advantage come of the relation.
99.Can there be friendship between individuals in unequal power relations according to Aristotle?
yes
Friendships of character require being invested in the good of the other , Parent child relationship
1010.Explain whether you agree or disagree with Aristotle’s view of friendship.
i agree
1111.What is Boorse’s thesis regarding how “health” ought to be understood?
Against the notion of health as an essentially evaluative notion.
The idea of health ought to be analyzed by reference to physiological medicine alone
1212.How does Boorse distinguish “illness” from “disease”?
illness is Reasonably serious disease with incapacitating effects that make it undesirable.
Entitles one to “special treatment” and endows one with “diminished moral accountability”
Disease is Theoretical concept that applies indifferently to organisms of all species and
to be analyzed in biological rather than ethical terms
1313.Explain and critique the WHO definition of “health.”
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
and global well-being is to broad and demeans the true meaning of health
1414.What is Boorse’s view of mental illness? Do you agree with his view?
Skeptic with respect to “mental illness”
There are way too many things that we classify as disease or illness.
and no
1515.What are the practical implications of Boorse’s thesis regarding health?
Focus medicine on curing physiological disfunction and not going to expand the notion of disease beyond that
1616.What is “essentialism”
View that concepts like health and disease can be defined with respect to ones nature
1. We can define them objectively
2. Set of qualities that are proper to being a certain “kind”
17Social Constructivism
i. Concepts such as health and disease are socially defined
1. Hallucinations can be seen as a good thing because they are convening with the Gods which is a good thing while another society would see them as crazy
181. social constructivism example
Hallucinations can be seen as a good thing because they are convening with the Gods which is a good thing while another society would see them as crazy
1917.What does Sulmasy mean by the term “natural kind”?
Everything naturally that exist it is a member of a kind of thing (species)
and we can define health and disease by the kind of thing we are
20what is natural kind
Everything naturally that exist it is a member of a kind of thing (species)
21how can we define health and disease (sumalsy)
We can define health and disease by the kind of thing we are
22Ex of Sumalsy Natural Kind
We belong to human kind
232. Ex of Sumalsy Natural kind
Cats belong to feline kind
2418.What is Sulmasy’s thesis regarding how “disease” ought to be understood?
One cannot understand human disease unless one understands that human beings are a natural kind
2519.What is the domain of medical science, according to Sulmasy? Do you agree with his view?
Caring for the individual with disturbed biology at the level of experience and function
26sumalsy def of Illness
socially defined
27sumalsy definitiin of sickness
imdividual experience
28Sumalsy definition of scientific
can be studied
2921.Describe Carel’s initial experience of the onset of illness, including her first learning of her diagnosis and prognosis.
She felt like she was an unwanted presence and gave her a textbook and said to read about it
Wasn’t delivered in a compassionate way
and When trying to ask questions she talks in medical jargon
3022.What is “phenomenology”?
Study of lived experience,. First-personal vs third-personal: e.g., depression, MS, . Relation of body to personhood (Merleau-Ponty)
3124.Explain the difference between first-personal/subjective and third-personal/objective descriptions of illness such as depression and multiple sclerosis.
a. 1st personal
i. Subjective (phenomenological approach)
ii. Experience (emotional or feeling)
b. 3rd personal
i. Objective (Essentialism approach)
ii. Can be measured by a machine
3225.What are the “naturalist” and “normativist” models of disease and how does Carel’s phenomenological model differ?
a. Naturalist
i. Idea that disease is something objective and is related to physiological disfunction
b. Normativist
i. What we consider to be disease is socially/culturally defined
c. Phenomenological model
i. Definition
1. The lived experience
ii. The experience of living with a disease
3326.How does Carel’s description of the fear of death associated with illness contrast with Epicurus’s view of death?
a. Epicurus
i. Not something we should rationally fear because we won’t be able to experience our death but we can experience our dying
b. Carel
i. It is rational to fear ones death because can fear the loss of future experiences like Nagel said
3427. How does Carel holistically define the nature of a human being?
a. a human being is a perceiving and experiencing organism, intimately inhabiting and immediately responding to her environment.”
3528.How does Carel’s holistic definition contrast with both dualism and reductive materialism?
a. Dualist
i. Believe that the human being is made up of 2 components
1. Our bodies and our souls
b. Reductive materialist
i. We are just physical beings
c. Carel rejects both these views
i. We are intimately connected with our bodies
3629.Why does Carel describe illness as involving “betrayal” and “alienation” from one’s body?
a. Phenomenological distinction between the objective body and the body as lived – ex. “phantom limb” and anorexia nervosa
3730.What does Carel mean by describing the healthy body as “transparent” and the ill body as “conspicuous” and “obstinate”?
a. Transparent
i. When we are healthy we don’t think about our bodies as much
ii. Take our bodies for granted
b. Conspicuous & Obstinate
i. We are more conscious of our bodies
3831.What changes of habit result for Carel as result of her illness?
a. She has to think about daily tasks like can she take this walk or is it too much
3932.What lessons does Carel draw from her experiences with various health professionals?
a. In medicine, there is a unwritten rule about maintaining a distance from their patience illness
i. Lack of empathy
4033.What is the impact of illness as the “elephant” in one’s friendships?
a. Something big or huge taking up a lot of space and people acting as though it is not there
i. It is hard for ill and non-ill people to manage around the issue of one being ill and the other being fine
4134.How does Carel’s depiction of how illness impacted her friendships correlate with Aristotle’s three types of friendship?
a. Proved Aristotle was right
i. When it comes to superficial friendships they are very fragile
ii. It can deepen some of the other friendships