unit1

Biology is the science that studies living things.
Living things are diverse and complex, therefore it is quite difficult, even for
scientists, to define life in simple terms that everyone would agree with.

1. living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

2. They are the products of biological evolution, and species and populations
continue to evolve today.
3. Living organisms process different types of information.
4. Genetic information is encoded in DNA within every cell, and is passed on
when cells reproduce. Organisms are also able to sense their environment; they respond to
environmental signals in order to maintain stable internal conditions, and to
communicate.
5. all living things depend on energy to stay alive and reproduce.

open systems, energy, and matter

capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy which they store
into organic molecules through the process of photosynthesis

one vs 2 or more

A cell is a living unit with a defined boundary, called the plasma membrane;
The plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipids and proteins that
surrounds the cell and separates the interior of the cell from the outside
environment;

The interior of a cell is a fluid called cytoplasm

All cells are able to store and transmit genetic information, encoded in one or
more molecules of DNA called chromosomes;

All cells contain structures called ribosomes that they use to produce
proteins.

all cells acquire energy and matter from the environment to power
their activities, and to build or repair their components.

usually do not have any internal membranes or compartments and has cell walls + plasma membrane

contain a fluid cytoplasm
surrounded by a plasma membrane, contain ribosomes, and have DNA as genetic material

have internal compartments surrounded by membranes,
such as the nucleus, and a variety of organelles

genetic information

encodes for protien

descent w modification

operates on phenotypic variations that are due to genetic mutations.
- genetically determined traits that increase their fitness in
a given environment have a greater likelihood of reproducing and passing on
their genes to their offspring.

All known life forms are related to one another by common ancestry. All
species come from preexisting species, and all species can eventually be
traced back to a single common ancestor

bacteria and archaea

cell walls made of peptoglycan vs cell wall made of not peptoglycan

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

autotrophs, sexual and asexually, and cellulose.

heterotrophs, sexual some asexual, extracellular matrix.

heterotrophs, sexual or asexual, and chitin

heterotophs, autotrophs, sexual and asexual

anything that occupies space and has mass.

CNOPHS

interaction between two atoms, in which the atoms share
electrons.

c-h, c-c, H2, H2O, NH3, CH4

phosphate, amino acid , carboxyl COO

just hydrogen bonds to water molecules but it is not necessarily releasinf any ions

hydration shells are formed

tendency for wayer molecules to stick to a surface or other molecules

true bc more H+

nm to um

CO

carboxyl group

amino

methyl

hydroxyl

phosphate

basic, lose

acidic, gain

acidic, gain

“one” sugar

dna, rna, protien, starch, cellulose

protiens, lipids, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate

starch glycogen, cellulose, chitin, peptoglycan

fats, steroids, phospholipids

energy

insouluble in water

long hydrocebon with a OH group

glycerol, and 2 fatty acid chains

amphipathic

hydrophobic effect

lesser

greater

small nonpolar molecules and small uncharged polar molecules

cholesteol and membrane protiens, integral or transmembrane

the exterior of the membrane

bc its composed of one or more type of molecules and membrane protien are able to move laterally within ,embrane

amphipathix as well as a hydrophobic region thaf attachs fo phospholipid tails

intercellular joinings, enzymatic activity, transpirt, cell-cell recognitiom, anchorage, and signal transductjon

transport, channel, carrier, and pumps

different

T

eukaryotic phospholips

have highly branched isoprenoid chains bout to glycerol

seperates cytoplasm from extracellular enviorment ans regulates the exchange of substances jn and out of the cell

not on their own

a small incharged molecule moving from a higher concnetration to a lower concentration and it is spontameous

it requires membrane protiens to move hydrophillic large molecules. protien channels ans carrier protiens

GLUT-1

the movemnt of water accross a membrane to a higher solute concentration, it needs a protien but if no concmetration was involved it wpuld not need one

protien channels and they create a gradient

hydrolysis of atp and it require a pump protiem

if two substances are moving simultaneously in opposite directions

ATP is hydrolysized ans the energy released to harness the energy

uses the gradient from primary active tramsport to move

Na+/ glucose