1ABO Blood Group
First identified human blood group with natural antibodies.
2ABO Antibodies
Isohemagglutinins that react against foreign RBC antigens.
3Isohemagglutinins
Antibodies specific to A and B blood group antigens.
4Anti-A
Antibody against A antigens on RBCs.
5Anti-B
Antibody against B antigens on RBCs.
6Intravascular Hemolysis
destruction of RBCs within the blood vessels
7Graft-vs-Host Disease (GVHD)
Condition where transplanted immune cells attack host.
8ABO Compatibility
Critical for safe blood transfusions and organ transplants.
9Population Frequencies
Distribution of blood types among different ethnic groups.
10ABO Inheritance
Mendelian inheritance of A, B, and O alleles.
11Co-dominance
Both A and B alleles expressed in AB phenotype.
12O Blood Type
Has H antigen, no A or B antigens.
13H Gene
Essential for A and B antigen production.
14FUT 1 Gene
Gene responsible for H antigen synthesis.
15Secretor Gene
Determines presence of antigens in bodily secretions.
16Phenotype
Observable characteristics based on genotype.
17Genotype
Genetic constitution determining blood type.
18H Antigen
Precursor for A and B antigens on RBCs.
19ABH Antigens
Carbohydrate structures forming A, B, and H antigens.
20Allele
Variant form of a gene at a locus.
21Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a gene.
22Amorph
Gene variant that does not produce a detectable product.
23Transfusion Reaction
Adverse response to incompatible blood transfusion.
24Acute Humoral Rejection
Rapid immune response against transplanted organ.
25ABO Typing Test
Test to determine blood type before transfusion.
26Mendelian Genetics
Inheritance patterns based on dominant and recessive traits.
27Chromosome 9
Location of the ABO blood group gene.
28H Substance
Precursor for A and B antigens on RBCs.
29Se allele
Expresses secretor phenotype in 80% of cases.
30sese genotype
Nonsecretor phenotype found in 20% of cases.
31ABH antigens
Blood group antigens present on red blood cells.
32Glycolipids
Membrane components contributing to blood group antigens.
33Glycoproteins
Secreted proteins involved in blood group antigen formation.
34Fucosyl-transferase
Enzyme adding L-fucose to form H antigen.
35Type 1 chains
Precursor chains primarily modified by FUT2 gene.
36Type 2 chains
Precursor chains primarily modified by H gene.
37Bombay phenotype
Genotype hh; lacks H antigen, appears as type O.
38Anti-A antibodies
Produced by group B individuals against A antigens.
39Anti-B antibodies
Produced by group A individuals against B antigens.
40A1 subgroup
More prevalent subgroup with higher antigen expression.
41A2 subgroup
Less prevalent subgroup with lower antigen expression.
42Weak A subgroups
Rare subgroups with diminished A antigen expression.
43Cis AB
AB and O genes inherited together in offspring.
44Forward typing
Testing for A or B antigens on RBCs.
45Reverse typing
Testing for antibodies in serum against known RBCs.
46ABO compatibility
Compatibility of blood types for transfusion.
47ABO discrepancies
Inconsistencies in blood typing results.
48Anti-A1 antibodies
Antibodies found in some A2 individuals.
49HDFN
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn.
50L-fucosyl-transferase
Enzyme responsible for H antigen synthesis.
51Serological testing
Method to determine blood type using reagents.
52ABO antibodies
Naturally occurring antibodies against absent antigens.
53Antigen expression
Presence of specific blood group antigens on RBCs.
54Antibody titers
Concentration of antibodies in the serum.
55RBC agglutination
Clumping of red blood cells due to antibodies.