01 - BB Immunoglobulins, Specimen Types, & Testing Reagents

Large Ig - pentamer

Does not pass through the placenta

Readily binds C' (complement)

Reacts at RT(Room Temp) or lower

Usually seen in the first phase of antibody detection testing, i.e., IS

Small Ig - a monomer (single Y-shaped Ig); accounts for 80% of Igs
present in the sera

Passes through the placenta barrier

Only certain IgG subtypes readily bind C'

(IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG2 > IgG4)

Reacts at the 37°C or at the Anti-Human Globulin (AHG) test phase of
antibody detection testing / ABS (Antibody Screen)

The enhanced and more rapid production of antibodies during a secondary immune response due to immunological memory, primarily involving IgG.

The initial immune response to a first exposure to an antigen, characterized by the production of IgM followed by IgG, with a lower antibody titer compared to the secondary response.

A faster, stronger, and longer-lasting immune response occurring after a second exposure to the same antigen, characterized by a rapid and high production of IgG.

A measurement of the concentration of antibodies in the blood, which increases significantly during the secondary immune response compared to the primary response.

The first antibody produced during the primary immune response, with a relatively lower titer and short-lived compared to IgG.

The predominant antibody in the secondary immune response, characterized by a high and sustained antibody titer due to immunological memory.

tube (contains RBCs & plasma)

tube contains serum and a clot

To separate serum / plasma from the RBCs

tube (Hematology specimen)

Contains EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

Contains EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in either of 2
forms

dried form coated along sides of plastic specimen tube

liquid form found in glass specimen tubes

binds Ca+2 to prevent clotting

Both types of EDTA are used in Hematology for CBCs, differential
smears, platelet counts, sed rates, etc.

Contains no anticoagulant or any additives; just a plain glass or plastic tube; blood will clot in this tube

Prior to performing BB tests, spin specimen tube for approx. ___ minutes

Use serum for Ab detection & identification

Use the __________ RBCs found at the bottom of this specimen tube for blood typing

Contains K2 EDTA - dried form coated along sides of a plastic specimen tube

Does NOT contain the liquid K3 EDTA anticoagulant, commonly used in Hematology analyzers.

causes a slight dilution in the patient's plasma which may result in the
undetection of a low-titer Ab.

Hematology analyzers account for________
from K3 EDTA tubes when analyzing the CBC.

anticoagulant binds Ca+2 in the blood and prevents the blood from clotting

Preferred BB sample for all BB testing

use both _____________ ; must __________ sample

If you need to use a purple top tube from Hematology, ensure you use the ______ EDTA plastic
tube...NOT the liquid ______ glass tube.

possess antibodies (Abs) of known specificity

RBCs that possess ags of known specificity

detects IgG and / or C' on RBCs

reagent use to increase Ab
uptake to the corresponding ag OR enhance RBC agglutination

plant extracts that react to specific human RBC ags

When using any BB reagents, you must strictly follow these guidelines

Usually contained in a "saline" media

Usually contained in a "potentiator" media to enhance
reactivity to RBCs OR in a "saline" media to react at the AHG
phase of testing (antiglobulin reagent)

Usually an immune response

Produced by multiple B-cell lines

Broader specificity due to mixture of antibodies to multiple
epitopes

Produced by a single B-cell line

Specificity directed at single epitope (best type of reagent)

Identical antibody molecules

A key advantage of monoclonal antibodies; they can be produced in large quantities without resource limitations.

Antibodies produced using hybridoma technology, derived from a single clone of cells, and used in blood bank testing.

Monoclonal antibodies typically derived from animals, eliminating reliance on human sources.

Monoclonal antibodies of the IgM class, enabling rapid and direct agglutination in blood bank testing.

Monoclonal antibodies are free from contamination by other antibodies, ensuring high specificity and reliability.

Monoclonal antibodies are _______

Monoclonal antibodies exhibit very _________ between batches, improving reliability in diagnostic testing.

BLOOD BANK REAGENTS -RED CELL REAGENTS Used with

________ to identify patient Abs that are present

Used as "_________ " & "__________" controls, when using a specific
antisera reagent

a single reagent that contains Abs to C' and IgG

Decreases zeta potential by buffering

Allows Ab-coated cells to come close together

Decreases zeta potential & increases Ab uptake

Serum / cell ratio very important

Decreases zeta potential & increases Ab uptake

Removes water, concentrating Ab

Use specific IgG AHG

Do not read agglutination microscopically (tendency to be misread as false +)