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Psychology CH 5-6

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1
How Does Sensation Lead to Perception?
Shaped by natural selection to provide information that enhances survival
(Sensation, Perception)
2
What is Sensation?
Process of detecting environmental stimuli or stimuli arising from the body
3
What is Perception?
The process of interpreting sensory information
4
How does Sensory Information Travels to the Brain?
Sensation begins when a sensory stimulus interacts with our biological sensory systems
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What is a stimulus?
A stimulus is anything that elicits a reaction from our sensory systems
6
The Brain Constructs Perceptions from Sensory Information: What are the kinds of processings?
  • Top-down processing
  • Bottom-up processing
7
What is Bottom-up processing?
  • Perceptual process in which memory processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory information
  • Perception based on building simple input into complex perceptions
8
Top-down processing?
  • Perceptual process in which memory processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory information
  • Perception based on building simple input into complex perceptions
9
What is The Biology of Vision made up of?
  • Lens, Retina, Fovea
  • Cornea, Pupil, Iris,
10
What is the Cornea?
  • Clear surface at the front of the eye. Directs light to retina
  • Brightly colored circular muscle surrounding pupil
  • Opening formed by the iris
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What is the Pupil?
  • Opening formed by the iris
  • Clear surface at the front of the eye. Directs light to retina
  • Brightly colored circular muscle surrounding pupil
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What is the Iris?
  • Clear surface at the front of the eye. Directs light to retina
  • Opening formed by the iris
  • Brightly colored circular muscle surrounding pupil
13
What is the Lens?
  • Layers of visual processing cells in back of eye
  • Clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward retina
  • Area of retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
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What is the Retina?
  • Layers of visual processing cells in back of eye
  • Area of retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
  • Clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward retina
15
What is Fovea?
  • Layers of visual processing cells in back of eye
  • Area of retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
  • Clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward retina
16
What are Photoreceptors made of?
Rods, Cones
17
What are Rods?
  • Photoreceptors specialized to detect dim light
  • Photoreceptors in retina that processes color and fine detail
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What are Cones?
  • Photoreceptors specialized to detect dim light
  • Photoreceptors in retina that processes color and fine detail
19
What are some Visual Pathways?
  • Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Optic tracts, Thalamus (LGN)
  • Primary visual cortex, Parietal pathway, Temporal pathway
20
What is an Optic nerve?
  • Formed when axons from ganglion cells leave the back of the eye
  • Nerve pathways traveling from optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
  • Relays visual information to the cerebral cortex
  • Axons closest to the nose cross over to the other hemisphere.
21
What is an Optic chiasm?
  • Relays visual information to the cerebral cortex
  • Nerve pathways traveling from optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
  • Axons closest to the nose cross over to the other hemisphere.
  • Formed when axons from ganglion cells leave the back of the eye
22
What is the Optic tracts?
  • Axons closest to the nose cross over to the other hemisphere.
  • Nerve pathways traveling from optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
  • Relays visual information to the cerebral cortex
  • Formed when axons from ganglion cells leave the back of the eye
23
What is Thalamus (LGN)?
  • Axons closest to the nose cross over to the other hemisphere.
  • Formed when axons from ganglion cells leave the back of the eye
  • Relays visual information to the cerebral cortex
  • Nerve pathways traveling from optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
24
What is Primary visual cortex?
  • responds to object shape, location, movement, and color
  • responds to shape and color, and it contributes to our ability to recognize objects and faces
  • helps us process movement
25
What is the Parietal pathway?
  • helps us process movement
  • responds to shape and color, and it contributes to our ability to recognize objects and faces
  • responds to object shape, location, movement, and color
26
What is the Temporal pathway?
  • helps us process movement
  • responds to shape and color, and it contributes to our ability to recognize objects and faces
  • responds to object shape, location, movement, and color
27
What are the Color Vision Theories?
  • Opponent Process Theory.
  • Trichromatic theory
28
What is the Trichromatic Theory?
  • Suggests we have a red-green color channel and a blue-yellow color channel, and activation of one color in each pair inhibits the other color. Explains color afterimages.
  • Color vision depends on the amount of activation in three cones that are responsive to short, medium, or long wavelengths
29
What is the Opponent Process Theory?
  • Color vision depends on the amount of activation in three cones that are responsive to short, medium, or long wavelengths
  • Suggests we have a red-green color channel and a blue-yellow color channel, and activation of one color in each pair inhibits the other color. Explains color afterimages.
30
What is Depth perception?
The ability to use the two-dimensional image projected on the retina to perceive three dimensions
31
What is Monocular cue?
  • A depth cue that requires the use of only one eye
  • A depth cue that requires the use of both eyes Binocular cue
32
What is Binocular cue?
  • A depth cue that requires the use of only one eye
  • A depth cue that requires the use of both eyes Binocular cue
33
What is Somatosensation?
The body senses, including body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain
34
What are some Forms of information that can be obtained by exploring things with touch?
  • pressure, vibration, or stretch
  • Touches, hugs, pats, handshakes, and sexuality
  • Size, shape, texture, consistency
35
What are Ways in which touch plays a role in social communication?
  • pressure, vibration, or stretch
  • Size, shape, texture, consistency
  • Touches, hugs, pats, handshakes, and sexuality
36
Kinds of stimulation to which different somatosensory receptors respond.
  • Touches, hugs, pats, handshakes, and sexuality
  • Size, shape, texture, consistency
  • pressure, vibration, or stretch
37
Touch: Somatosensory Pathway is made up of what?
  • Things that can modify the representation of touch in the primary somatosensory cortex
  • Receptors, Spinal cord, Thalamus, Primary somatosensory cortex
38
Touch: Cortical Plasticity is what?
  • Things that can modify the representation of touch in the primary somatosensory cortex
  • Receptors, Spinal cord, Thalamus, Primary somatosensory cortex
39
What are examples of things that can modify the representation of touch?
Damage to the body or Increased Input from the body
40
What is A recent reformulation of consiousness?
Unconscious processes -> Voluntary behavior -> Conscious interpretation
41
what is the first meaning of Consciousness?
  • knowing or being aware of ongoing experiences occurring both internally and in the world around us
  • a state of awareness (alert vs drowsy)
  • the current content of awareness
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what is the second meaning of Consciousness?
  • a state of awareness (alert vs drowsy)
  • knowing or being aware of ongoing experiences occurring both internally and in the world around us
  • the current content of awareness
43
what is the third meaning of Consciousness?
  • knowing or being aware of ongoing experiences occurring both internally and in the world around us
  • a state of awareness (alert vs drowsy)
  • the current content of awareness
44
what is Self-awareness?
The special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli
45
what is Circadian rhythm?
  • an external stimulus that adjusts the timing of a circadian rhythm
  • A daily biological rhythm (Sleep and waking, body temperature, hunger)
46
what is Zeitgeber?
  • an external stimulus that adjusts the timing of a circadian rhythm
  • A daily biological rhythm (Sleep and waking, body temperature, hunger)
47
what does Electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?
Each electrode measures the combined electrical activity of millions of neurons near the surface of the brain
48
Waking mindset
  • A normal state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli
  • A normal state of consciousness characterizedby alertness and awareness of external stimuli
49
what are Alpha waves?
  • Person is actively thinking and alert
  • Person is awake but relaxed
  • Person is processing sensory input, particularly visual stimuli
50
what are Beta waves?
  • Person is processing sensory input, particularly visual stimuli
  • Person is awake but relaxed
  • Person is actively thinking and alert
51
what are Gamma waves?
  • Person is processing sensory input, particularly visual stimuli
  • Person is actively thinking and alert
  • Person is awake but relaxed
52
what is sleep?
  • A normal state of consciousness characterizedby alertness and awareness of external stimuli
  • A normal state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli
53
what are the Two main types of sleep?
Non-rapid eye movement (N-REM) sleep and Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
54
(N-REM) sleep
  • Waveforms resemble waking
    The second 4 hours of sleep feature large amounts of REM sleep (Figure 6.9)
  • Progressively larger and slower waves
    The first 4 hours of sleep are dominated by N-REM sleep (Figure 6.9)
55
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
  • Progressively larger and slower waves
    The first 4 hours of sleep are dominated by N-REM sleep (Figure 6.9)
  • Waveforms resemble waking
    The second 4 hours of sleep feature large amounts of REM sleep (Figure 6.9)
56
what are the Benefits of Sleep
  • REM sleep may help correctly wire the immature brain, regulates mood
  • Repairs body, consolidates memories
57
what are The special benefits of REM Sleep
  • REM sleep may help correctly wire the immature brain, regulates mood
  • Repairs body, consolidates memories
58
Administration of psychoactive drugs is
one means by which people intentionally alter their state of consciousness
59
what are Psychoactive drugs?
Substances that alter consciousness
60
what is Addiction?
Compulsive physical or psychological dependency on a substance or
activities that continues in spite of negative consequences
61
what does Addiction do?
• Disrupts normal control of behavior
• Distorts typical systems of rewards
• Interferes with the recognition of problems
62
All addictive drugs produce
changes in activity in circuits of the dopamine neurotransmitter system
63
what are the Three neural systems are disrupted in addiction?
Midbrain (VTA, ventral tegmental area) -> Basal ganglia (nucleus accumbens), Midbrain (VTA) -> Frontal lobes, Insula
64
Midbrain (VTA, ventral tegmental area) -> Basal ganglia (nucleus accumbens)
  • • Decision making; impulse control
    • “Reflective system”
  • • Conscious urge to take drug; the decision to take drug despite negative consequences
    • “Craving system”
  • • This circuit is often called the reward pathway
    • Activation motivates you to repeat the behaviors that produced the activation
    • “Impulsive system”
65
Midbrain (VTA) -> Frontal lobes
  • • Decision making; impulse control
    • “Reflective system”
  • • Conscious urge to take drug; the decision to take drug despite negative consequences
    • “Craving system”
  • • This circuit is often called the reward pathway
    • Activation motivates you to repeat the behaviors that produced the activation
    • “Impulsive system”
66
Insula
  • • This circuit is often called the reward pathway
    • Activation motivates you to repeat the behaviors that produced the activation
    • “Impulsive system”
  • • Conscious urge to take drug; the decision to take drug despite negative consequences
    • “Craving system”
  • • Decision making; impulse control
    • “Reflective system”
67
what Systems are Disrupted in Addiction?
• Impulsive system
• Reflective system
• Craving system
68
what is Psychostimulants?
Behavioral effects produced by moderate doses of amphetamine and cocaine
69
what do Psychostimulants effect?
Alertness, elevated mood, confidence, a sense of well-being
70
How do amphetamine and cocaine produce their effects?
  • Both drugs block the dopamine transporter
  • Amphetamine also causes the release of dopamine from synaptic vesicles
71
what are Opioids?
Natural or synthetic substances that interact with endorphin receptors
72
what are Examples of opioids?
  • Morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl
  • weed
73
what are Effects produced by activation of endorphin receptors
  • Pain control, cough suppression, control of diarrhea
  • Euphoria, pain relief, reduced anxiety, muscle relaxation, sleep
  • a strong feeling of euphoria having a rapid onset
74
what are low dose effects?
  • Euphoria, pain relief, reduced anxiety, muscle relaxation, sleep
  • Pain control, cough suppression, control of diarrhea
  • a strong feeling of euphoria having a rapid onset
75
what are high dose effetcs?
  • a strong feeling of euphoria having a rapid onset
  • Pain control, cough suppression, control of diarrhea
  • Euphoria, pain relief, reduced anxiety, muscle relaxation, sleep
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