1 y= f(x-c) + d vertical shift upward
d > 0
2 y= f(x-c) + d vertical shift downward
d < 0
3 y= f(x-c) + d horizontal shift right
c > 0
4 y= f(x-c) + d horizontal shift left
c < 0
5y = -f(x)
reflect across x axis
6y = f(-x)
reflect across y axis
7y = af(bx - c) + d
Non Rigid Transformations
8y = f(x-c) + d
Rigid Transformations
9 y = af(bx - c) + d Vertical Stretch
|a| > 1 Multiply y by a
10y = af(bx - c) + d Vertical Shrink
|a| < 1 Multiply y by a
11y = af(bx - c) + d Horizontal Stretch
|b| < 1 Multiply x by b
12y = af(bx - c) + d Horizontal Shrink
|b| > 1 Multiply x by b