1Color of urine varies from what colors
colorless to black
2What are the 3 substances responsible for the color of urine?
urochrome, uroerythrin, urobilin
3Which pigmenter produces the color pink?
uroerythrin
4Which pigmenter produces the orange-brown color?
urobilin
5Which pigmenter produces the color yellow?
urochrome
6Urochrom was named by who and when?
Thudichum 1864
7This substance is a product of endogenous metabolism
urochrome
8Urine color varies because of what factors
normal metabolic functions, ingested materials, physical activity and pathologic conditions
9At what temp does urochrome increase in urine?
room temperature
10What is the production rate of Urochrome?
constant rate
11What substance is easiest seen when refrigerated?
uroerythrin
12What does refrigeration of uroerythrin result into?
precipitation of amorphous urates (in acid urine)
13When urine cools, what happens to the amorphous urates?
uroerythrin attach to it once it forms solid particles and settles at the bottom
14These 2 substances are just seen in small amount
uroerythrin and urobilin
15This is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constiuent what?
urobilin
16Why does urobilin produces an orange-brown color?
air exposure or older or the urine isn't fresh
17What does the actual amount of urochrom produced dependent on?
metabolic state, fasting state, and thyroid conditions
18What does a pale yellow urine mean?
dilute and more water
19What does a dark yellow urine mean?
concentrated and less water
20Dark yellow urine could also be caused by what?
presence of bilirubin
21How can bilirubin be tested?
chemical testing
22What is the other way of testing for bilirubin?
shake it then if it forms a yellow foam, there is a presence of bilirubin
23What disease is the presence of bilirubin associated with?
hepatitis virus
24What happenes when urobilinogen is exposed to air?
becomes urobilin
25What makes urobilinogen and urobilin produce a yellow-orange color?
photo-oxidation (exposure to air and light)
26What does white foam indicate when you shake a urine?
increase in protein
27When bilirubin is photo-oxidized it turns to what color?
yellow-green
28When bilirubin is photo-oxidized, it turns into what?
biliverdin
29The yellow-green color of bilirubin is caused by the presence of what?
biliverdin
30What could be another cause of a yellow-orange pigment in the urine?
administration of phenozopyridine or azo-gantrisin compounds
31What is the brand name of phenozopyridine?
pyridium
32The medications that cause a yellow-orange pigment are used for what disease?
urinary tract infection
33What does these medications affect?
color and chemical testing based on color reactions
34When urine with the color yellow-orange is shaken what does it create and what is it mistaken for?
yellow foam and mistaken with bilirubin
35This color is one of the most common causes of abnormal urine color
red
36Red urine color indicates what?
presence of blood
37What is the color range that blood produces in urine?
pink to brown
38The color of blood in urine depends on what aspects?
amount of blood, ph of the urine, and length of contact
39What color does it form when RBC remain in an acidic urine for several hours?
red-brown
40Red.-brown urine is due to what?
oxidation of hgb to methemoglobin
41A fresh red-brown urine may also indicate what?
glomerular bleeding in the glomeruli
42What are the 2 proteins that also produces red urine?
hemoglobin and myoglobin
43These produce red urine and positive resulsts
hemoglobin and myoglobin
44It is the result of in vivo breakdown of RBCs
hemoglobinuria
45What color is the plasma during hemoglobinuria?
red
46Also consider what in hemoglobinuria
in vitro lysis
47It is the breakdown of skeletal muscles
myoglobinuria
48What color does myoglobinuria exhibits?
reddish-brown color
49Which of the 2 proteinuria is more rapidly cleared?
myoglobinuria than hemoglobinuria
50When RBC is present, the urine's appearance is what>
red and cloudy
51When hemoglobin and myoglobin are present, what is the urine's appearance?
red and clear urine
52What are the 4 pathogenic things that makes urine red?
RBC, hemoglobin, myoglobiin, and pophyrins
53This also produce red urine because of the oxidation of pophobilinogen to pophyrins
pophyrins
54What color indicates pophyrins?
port wine
55What are the non-pathogenic causes of red urine
menstruation contamination, ingestion of highly pigmented food, medications, fresh beets, and black berries
56What are the medications that produces red urine?
Rifampin, Phenolphthalein, Phenothiazines, Phenindione
57What kind of urine does fresh beets cause red color into?
alkaline urine
58What kind of urine does blackberries cause red color into?
acidic urine
59What is recommende for urine specimens that turn brown or black on standing and is negative on test results?
additional testing
60It is an oxidation product of a colorless pigment
melanin
61it it a colorless pigment
melanogen
62Melanogen is produced in excess or appears in urine when the patient has?
malignant melanoma
63it is a metabolite of phenylalanine
homogenistic acid
64This condition turns the patient that has it urine black
alkaptonuria
65What are the medications that produce brownlack urine?
levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, metronidazole
66This urine color is limited to bacterial infections
bluereen
67What does UTI by pseudomonas species result into?
increased urinary indican
68Ingestion of breath deodorizers produces what color?
green
69What is an example of an breath deodorizers?
clorets
70What are the medications that produces bluereen colored urine?
methocarbamol (robaxin), methylene blue, amitriptyline (elavil)
71What color does phenol derivatives found in intravenous medication shows?
green
72What staining may occur in catheter bags?
puple staining
73Purple staining in catheter bags is caused by what?
indican in urine or bacterial infection
74What are the species that causes purple staining in catether bags?
Klebsiella and Providencia species