CH2A

Age
overall health
route of inoculation
dose
genetic capacity

older individuals have decreased response to antigen stimulation whereas neonates have no immune system

amount of antigens needed differs with route of inoculation
intravenous, intraderma, subcutaneous, oral

The larger the amount of antigen exposed, the greater the immune response

MHC inherited genes

macromolecules that are capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in immunocompetent host

antibodies or sensitized T cells

macromolecular size
foreignness
chemical composition and complexity

the more taxonomically different, the more successful it is as an antigen (able to view self from nonself)

a. proteins (amino acids, secondary, and tertiary structure
b. polysaccharides
c. CHO (not a strong antigen)

the more you can see the better'
able to have more chances for antigen antibody connection in more complex structures (?)

enzymatic digestion to create small peptides that can be complexed to MHC molecules to present to responsive lymphocytes

cannot be presented to responsive lymphs

Nature of immunogen itself
Genetic coding of MHC molecules (that combine with antigen before T cells respond)
Antigen processing and presentation

a substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response in first place

determinant site or epitope

molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T lymphocytes

may be repeating copies or may have differing specialties,
may be sequential, linear, or conformational in nature

has folding of one or more chains, allowing amino acids from different segments to come into close proximity

Epitopes recognized by B cells may differ from epitopes recognized by T cells

site on antigen where specific antibody or T cell receptor binds

different epitopes - can have different antibodies that connect to he different epitopes present
repeated epitopes - same ONE kind of antibodies and ONE kind of epitope all around antigen

components of the cell wall

recognize specific epitopes

anything that is capable of cross-linking surface antigen molecules

all structures of protein (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary)

branch points of branched chains (mostly)

the particles form a lattice that results in visible clumping or agglutination

binding to defensive cells can trigger adaptive immune response

first be degraded into small peptides by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

nonimmunogenic materials that, when combined with carrier, create a new antigenic determinants

the hapten is capable of reaction with antibody even when the hapten is not complexed to a carrier molecule

no precipitation or agglutination reactions will occur
(no activation)

B-cell receptors

haptens contribute to formation of interconnected lattice, basis for the precipitation and agglutination

a. drug-protein conjugates that can result in allergic response (like penicillin)
b. poison ivy chemical catechol (which are haptens) contact skin, causing contact dermatitis

substance administered with an antigen that increases the immune response

immunization

adjuvants act by producing local inflammatory response that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

adjuvants target APC to protect antigen from degradation and reduce need for booster shots

aluminum salts

accelerates the immune response, decreases need for booster shots

by prolonging the existence of antigen in the area
by increasing the effective size of the antigen
by increasing the number of mq involved in antigen processing

accelerate immune response and increase duration of protection and decrease need for booster

according to their relationship to host

those antigens that belong to the host; do not evoke an immune response under normal circumstances

antigens from other members of the host's species

antigens from other species: plants, animals

antigens that cross-react with another
(e.g. A and B antigen cross react with polysaccharides, mono Ab x reacts with SRBC)