Kidney

20%

peri-renal adipose tissue

lose peri-renal fat, kidney droops and falls, leaning onto ureter and causing it to bend

urine from renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder (storage) -> urethra -> outside

retroperitoneum

150 mL, nerve reflex signals urge

contraction of the bladder and urinary sphincter push out urine to urethra

transitional epithelial

The cuboidal cells flatten when the bladder is full, says that the bladder is full

renal hilus

left ventricle -> abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> afferent arteriole -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> vasa recta -> interlobular vein -> vena cava

1. renal pyramids
2. renal column

cortex and medulla

outer cortex

exclusive site of plasma filtration

duct that enters a calyx

to funnel urine from collecting tubules to renal pelvis

glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting tubule

diffusion via active transport

65% absorption is from proximal tubule

contain microvilli (to increase surface area for absorption)

afferent and efferent

blood pressure control (by the release or reduction of renin)

afferent vessels are larger so that it can build pressure and force created can filter plasma

large amounts of secretory granules containing renin enzyme

1. decreased arterial bp
2. decreased Na or increased K
3. vascular hemorrhage (low volume)

renin causes angiotensin formation and aldosterone secretion

causes kidney to retain sodium (and water follows sodium)

180,000 mL plasma filtered daily, final urine of 600-1800 mL

a. plasma filtration at glomeruli
b. reabsorption and selective secretion by renal tubules

1. removal of metabolic wastes
2. regulation of water and electrolytes
3. maintenance of body's acid-base equilibrium

based on molecular size and electric charge (allowing water and small molecules to pass rapidly)

negative charge, makes it difficult for large molecules to pass

endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes

active and passive

moves against a gradient, requires energy

movement from high concentration to area of low concentration (no energy)

substances necessary for homeostasis and function like water, AA, salts, and glucose

waste products like creatinine

1. eliminate wastes and substances not normally present in plasma
2. adjust acid-base status of body

increases creatinine and BUN ratio; can lead to kidney failure

The level of ammonia that is being converted into urea (waste)

no water absorption/secretion

7.35 to 7.45

1. blood buffer system
2. pulmonary system
3. renal system

Buffers prevent pH from changing

holding breath (hypOventilation) increases acidity due to buildup of CO2 (acidic)

concentration of H+ ions determines pH

The environment will change the shape of H+; Large amount of H+ interfere with other molecules (since it can fit everywhere) and this + charge is now repelling other molecules that also have H+ stuck to it

lungs can exhale or retain carbon dioxide (CO2, acid)

hypERventilate (breathe fast) to get rid of CO2

1. increases or decreases excretion of H+
2. increases or decreases formation of ammonia
3. increases or decreases reabsorption of bicarbonate

get rid of H+ ions

carbonate (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

carbonic anhydrase enzyme

antitransporter protein

NH3 (ammonia)

combines with ammonia (from liver and kidney waste) and phosphate (HPO4^2-) to create urea (NH4+H2PO4-)

ammonia and phosphate

Antidiuretic hormone = vasopressin

to control water reabsorption in collecting tubules

ADH produced in hypothalamus but released into blood from posterior pituitary gland

increased water reabsorption occurs

No ADH -> body does not receive signal to absorb ANY water -> everything you drink goes straight out

H20, Na, Cl, glucose, amino acids (most of the 'good' stuff)

in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

When ADH present, signaling proteins insert into cell membrane, increasing flow of H2O out of tubule

urine osmolality