Lecture 2 - Fungal Structure and Morphology
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1
What is the main difference between molds and yeasts?
Molds grow in multicellular filaments.
Yeast grow/ reproduce as a single cell through BUDDING
Yeast grow/ reproduce as a single cell through BUDDING
2
What is hyphae and what kind of fungi is it found in?
Thread-like tubular structures & it is found in molds
3
Yeast grows/ reproduces as a single cell through ______.
BUDDING
4
Are molds and yeasts considered fungi?
YES!
5
What is mycelium?
matlike network of hyphae
6
When mold is grow on an agar plate, what are the two different layers called?
Aerial hyphae. (what you see)
Vegetative hyphae (roots; absorbs nutrients)
Vegetative hyphae (roots; absorbs nutrients)
7
Generally, what does the aerial hyphae consist of?
Reproductive hyphae and conidia. 
8
What is conidia?
Asexual reproductive elements
9
What are the 4 different types of hyphae seen in molds?
Septate hyphae
Coenocytic hyphae
Septate hyphae with clamp connections
Hyphae with arthroconidia and disjunctor cells
Coenocytic hyphae
Septate hyphae with clamp connections
Hyphae with arthroconidia and disjunctor cells
10
What type of hyphae is this?
Septate hyphae
11
What type of hyphae is this?
Coenocytic hyphae
12
What type of hyphae is this?
Septate hyphae with clamp connections
13
What type of hyphae is this?
Hyphae with arthroconidia and disjunctor cells
14
What is the left arrow called in this hyphae?
Arthroconidium
15
What is the right arrow called in this hyphae?
Disjunctor cell
16
What is arthroconidium?
a type of asexual fungal spore formed by the segmentation of existing hyphae.
17
What does vegetative hyphae do?
absorbs nutrients; non-reproductive
18
What are the 5 different kinds of vegetative hyphae?
Favic Chandelier/ Antler Hyphae
Nodular hyphae (swelling)
Pectinate Body Hyphae
Spiral (Coiled) Hyphae
Racquet Hyphae
Nodular hyphae (swelling)
Pectinate Body Hyphae
Spiral (Coiled) Hyphae
Racquet Hyphae
19
What type of vegetative hyphae is this?
Favic Chandelier/ Antler hyphae
20
What type of vegetative hyphae is this?
Nodular hyphae (swelling)
21
What type of vegetative hyphae is this?
Pectinate body hyphae
22
What type of vegetative hyphae is this?
Spiral (coiled) hyphae
23
What type of vegetative hyphae is this?
Racquet hyphae
24
Hyphae can be mistaken with ______?
Pseudohyphae
25
What's the difference between septate hyphae and pseudohyphae?
Pseudohyphae contains yeast cells.; marked by constrictions not septate at the folds.
26
Is this septate hyphae or pseudohyphae?
Pseudohyphae
27
Is this a yeast or a mold?
Yeast
28
Is this a yeast or a mold?
Yeast
29
Is this a yeast or a mold?
Mold
30
Is the fungi life cycle asexual, sexual or both?
BOTH
31
What is the sexual reproduction process of a fungi?
Haploid cells from 2 different mycelia fuse to form a heterokaryotic cell with 2 or more nuclei aka plasmogamy.
32
What is the major source of fungal infection? (how is it contracted the most)
Inhalation of spores
&
Skin contact with spores
&
Skin contact with spores
33
Can you see fungal spores with the naked eye?
No, they are microscopic
34
What is the means of fungal reproduction? (how fungi reproduce)
through Fungal spores
35
What are sexual spores?
produced by the conjugation of gametes or nuclei of opposite sexes
36
List 3 different types of sexual spores?
Basidiospore
Ascospore
Zygospore
Ascospore
Zygospore
37
What sexual spore is this?
Basidiospore
38
What sexual spore is this?
Ascospore
39
What sexual spore is this?
Zygospore
40
What produces basidiospores?
Basidiomycetes
41
What produces ascospores?
Ascomycetes
42
Ascospores are produced in a sac called ____.
Ascus
43
How many ascospores are in an ascus?
4-8
44
What are zygospores?
Thick-walled spores
45
How are zygospores formed?
When 2 sexually compatible hyphae of certain fungi fuse together.
46
What is another name for asexual spores?
conidia
47
What process do asexual spores undergo for reproduction?
MITOSIS; nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
48
What are the 5 different types of asexual spores? (know this for exam)
Sporganiospore
Conidiospore
Arthrospore
Chlamydospore
Blastospore
Conidiospore
Arthrospore
Chlamydospore
Blastospore
49
Sporangiospores are asexual or sexual spores? (know this for exam)
Asexual
50
Sporangiospores are produced where? (know this for exam)
in a sac called Sporangium 
51
The sporganium is located at the end of the aerial hyphae called _____ (know this for exam)
Sporangiophore
52
How are the sporangiospores released? (know this for exam)
when the sac ruptures
53
Label the structure (top to bottom) . (know this for exam) 
Sporangiospore
Sporangium
Columella
Sporangium
Columella
54
What is this structure called? (bottom arrow) (know this for exam) 
Sporangiophore
55
What is the right arrow called?(know this for exam) 
Rhizoids
56
What is the middle arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Pausi-septate hyphae
57
What is the left arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Septum
58
What are 3 fungi that contain sporangiospores? (know this for exam)
Rhizopus
Mucor
Absidia (Lichtheimia)
Mucor
Absidia (Lichtheimia)
59
What is a conidiospore? (know this for exam)
Asexual spore
60
What is the short name for conidiospore? (know this for exam)
Conidia
61
What are the 2 different form of conidiospores? (know this for exam)
uniserate & biserate
62
What is the top arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Conidia
63
What is the middle arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Phialides
64
What is the bottom arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Vesicle
65
The bottom arrow is called? (know this for exam) 
Conidiophore
66
Is this a uniserate or biserate structure? (know this for exam) 
Uniserate
67
What type of hyphae is this? (know this for exam) 
Septate hyphae
68
Do conidiospores have sacs? (know this for exam)
NO
69
What are conidiospores?
Single-celled/multi-cells spores born on tip or side of aerial hyphae (conidiophore)
70
What is the main difference between sporangiospores and conidiospores?
Conidiospores are not produced in a sac like structure
71
How can the conidiospores be found?
singly or in chains
72
Is this a uniserate or biserate conidiospore? (know this for exam) 
Biserate
73
What is the right arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Metulae
74
What is the left arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Vesicle
75
What is the left arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Phialides
76
What are 2 fungi that produce conidiospores? (know this for exam)
Penicillium
&
Aspergillus
&
Aspergillus
77
What type of asexual spore is this? (know this for exam) 
Arthrospore aka arthroconidia
78
How are arthrospores formed? (know this for exam)
Break up of the fungal mycelium. Hyphae separate then fragment into arthrospores.
79
List 3 examples of fungi that produce arthrospores. (know this for exam)
Trichosporon
Geotrichum
Coccidioides immitis ( dangerous one )
Geotrichum
Coccidioides immitis ( dangerous one )
80
What type of asexual spore is this? (know this for exam) 
Chlamydospore
81
Clamydospore come from _________. (know this for exam)
Chlamydoconidia
82
In what conditions do chlamydospores form? (know this for exam)
Unfavorable conditions (too dry/hot)
83
What is the purpose of chlamydospores living in dry/hot areas? (know this for exam)
Perennation (survival), not dissemination (spreading).
84
Describe a chlamydospore
thick walled, single cell.
85
How is a chlamydospore formed? (know this for exam)
hyphae (cell or portion) contracts,
loses water,
condenses cytoplasm -> thick walled chlamydospore
loses water,
condenses cytoplasm -> thick walled chlamydospore
86
When do chlamydospores germinate?
when environmental conditions improve
87
What fungi produces chlamydospores? (know this for exam)
Candida albicans
88
What type of hyphae is this?
Pseudohyphae
89
How are blastospores formed?(know this for exam)
budding of a yeast (from parent cell).
90
Blastospores come from _______. (know this for exam)
Blastoconidia
91
What type of asexual spore is this? 
Blastospore
92
What is the arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Chlamydospores (clusters)
93
What is the arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Psuedohyphae
94
What is the arrow called? (know this for exam) 
Blastoconidia
95
Which arrow are the chlamydospores? (know this for exam) 
top 2
96
Which arrow are the blastospore? (know this for exam) 
Bottom arrow
97
Are these sexual or asexual spores? (know this for exam) 
asexual
98
Name these asexual spores.(know this for exam) 
a) Arthrospores
b) Chlamydospores
c) Sporangiospores
d) Conidiospores (uniserate)
e) Blastospores
b) Chlamydospores
c) Sporangiospores
d) Conidiospores (uniserate)
e) Blastospores
99
Asexual spores of ascomycetes can be separated into these 2 groups:
Macroconidia
Microconidia
Microconidia
100
What are macroconidia?
Large asexual structures
Thick/thin/smooth/ rough walled
Divided into cells with transverse septa
Different shapes aid in ID
Thick/thin/smooth/ rough walled
Divided into cells with transverse septa
Different shapes aid in ID
101
What are the different shapes called when ID asexual spores of ascomycetes?
Spindle, boat, pencil, cigar.
102
What are microconidia?
Small asexual structures
Amount and arrangement aids in ID
(may appear singly or in clusters)
More often the infectious form, not always.
Amount and arrangement aids in ID
(may appear singly or in clusters)
More often the infectious form, not always.
103
What are these? (know this for exam) 
ASEXUAL SPORES of ascomycetes
Microconidium (small)
Macroconidium (big)
Microconidium (small)
Macroconidium (big)
104
Macro/microconidia of ascomycetes are associated with _______ (know this for exam)
Dermatophytes
105
What are the 3 different types of dermatophytes (skin bugs)? (know this for exam)
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
106
What type of dermatophyte is this? (know this for exam) 
Microsporum
107
What type of dermatophyte is this? (know this for exam) 
Trichophyton
108
What type of dermatophyte is this? (know this for exam) 
Epidermophyton