Lecture 7

Closed

Left atrium through the pulomonary veins

Left Ventricle

Aorta

Right atrium through the inferior/superior vena cava

Right ventricle

To the lungs via pulmonary arteries

3 layers

ARTERIES has more muscles than veins.

Valves

Cardiovascular disease

~25,000

Minor and major

Asymptomatic or related to only minor clinical symptoms

Associated with major clinical problems or may be lethal

Unknown (most often): viruses, alcohol, and chromosomal abnormalities

1. Ventricular septal defect
2. Atrial septal defect
3. Tetralogy of Fallot

Hole between the left and right ventricle. RIGHT Ventricle works overtime and develops hypertrophy and cyanosis bc deoxygenated blood travels to left ventricle.

an opening in the wall (septum) between the atria. Sending extra blood to the lungs

Problem with the tilt of the heart. too little blood goes to the lungs. Babies with TOF often have cyanosis.

a progressive disease that causes ARTERIES to harden and thicken due to plaque buildup in the inner lining of an artery.

1. Coronary heart disease
2. Cerebrovascular disease
3. Atherosclerosis of aorta
4. Peripheral vascular disease

Arteries that branch out from the aorta with oxygenated blood. One artery goes to one side of the heart, and the other artery goes to the other side of heart.

Athersclerosis formation in coronary arteries

Hypertension, kidney disease, shortness of breath, heart attack.

Athrosclerosis affects the blood flow and the blood vessels in the brain

a material called plaque (fat and calcium) has built up in the inside wall of a large blood vessel called the AORTA.

a sign of a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries (atherosclerosis)

Cells that line the inside of blood vessels?

HYPERTENSION, Hemodynamic factors, and smoking

Platelet activation and blood clot. Thrombus forms.

a type of macrophage that localize to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls

occurs when part of an artery wall weakens, allowing it to abnormally balloon out or widen

Age, gender, and heredity

Lipid metabolism - related factors: diet, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus.
Hypertension
Clotting Factors
Cigarette smoking
Behavior

Exercise
Estrogen - protects against cardiovasular disease.

Platelets become activated

Platelet Drive Growth Factors (PDGF) <- cytokine and WBC start coming into the site of injury

a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue. Lay collagen fibers!!!

high cholesterol, means you have too many lipids (fats) in your blood due to genetics or dietary.

Wall of arteries become weak.

Saccular - buldge (divercilitus GI tract)
Fusiform - bilateral (ballon on both sides - abdominal cavity)
Dissecting - most dangerous one. Blood starts pouring to the outside of the aorta. a tear in the artery wall that separates the three layers of the wall, causing blood to leak between the layers.

Buldge

Bilateral - balloon on both sides (abdominal cavity)

A tear in the artery wall that separates the three layers of the wall, causing blood to leak between the layers. Most dangerous one. Blood starts pouring to the outside of the aorta.

Atherosclerosis of renal arteries
Atherosclerosis of intenstinal arteries
Atherosclerosis of extremities (dry grangrene and wet grangrene)

No boundary
Blisters
Edema

Cold temperatures

boundary present
Live and dead cells

Asymptomatic
Angina pectoris
Congestive heart disease
Myocardial infarction

Asymptomatic and angina pectoris

Angina pectoris and Congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure and myocardial infarct

Chest pain

Heart stops

Infarct
Thrombus
Rupture
Aneurysm

Ventricle

a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood builds up in the pericardial sac, which can lead to cardiac tamponade

Blood build up that prevents heart from expansion

is a chronic condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood as well as it should.

RIGHT

Myoglobin
CK-MB
Troponin T or I
ALT
LDL

myoglobin - ancestor of hemoglobin

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

Stronger hold of oxygen than hemoglobin

proteins that are released when the heart muscle has been damaged, such as occurs with a heart attack.

Troponin T or I

Ventriclar

Atrial

creatine kinase MB

Lactate dehydrogenase

All cells

Alanine aminotransferase

Liver

a type of specialized nerve ending (located at the end of most nerves) that provide the brain with a sense of the blood pressure levels in a localized region of the body

Hypovolumic (decrease volume) in blood cirulation, baroreceptors in hypothalamus detect this change, arterial smooth muscles contract (with the help of autonomic nervous system) & heart rate increases, blood pressure increases.

Renal hypoperfusion in kidneys, renin produced (by kidney), angiotensin II, adrenal cortex, and aldosterone (goes into the kidneys), Na+ and water are conserved.

Cardiac hypertrophy
Congestive heart disease
Renal insufficiency
Hypertensive enceophalopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy

Enlargment of the heart causes heart not to work properly anymore.

High blood pressure in arteries of the brain.

Severe headaches

Hypertension in the arteries of the retina.

a condition in which rheumatic fever damaged the heart.

streptococcal pharyngitis

Valves in heart

ENDOCARDITIS - valves
MYOCARDITIS - thick part
FIBRINOUS PERICARDITIS - outer layer

a condition that causes permanent damage to the heart's valves, and is characterized by valvular lesions.

Viruses (most common) - Coxsackievirus

Bacteria (staphylococcus and Streptococcus) - immunosuppressed persons or in sepsis.
Parasites and protozoa (Trypanosome cruzi/chagas)

Viruses (most common)
Bacteria
Fungi
Rheumatic heart disease
Uremia
Open Heart Surgery

Type 3

a serious inflammatory blood vessel disease

Polyarteritis nodosa
Giant cell arteritis
Raynaud's disease

An inflammation in the blood vessels, called arteries, in the temples.

disorder that causes decreased blood flow to the fingers.

Cold temperatures and smoking

Varicose veins
Thrombi
Thrombophlebitis