1Where does the respiratory system start?
nostrils
2Where does oxygen go after it enters the nose?
nasal cavity
3How many bones make up the nasal cavity?
3
4What are the 3 separate layers that make up the nasal cavity called?
Conchae (inferior, middle, superior)
5Where are the olfacotory neurons located in the nasal cavity?
Superior nasal conchae
6To what bone are the olfactory neurons attached to?
Ethmoid bone
7Where do humans smell?
temporal part of the brain
8Why do chemotherapy patients lose their sense of smell?
9how often do sensory neurons divide?
every 28 days
10Where does oxygen go after the nasal cavity?
pharynx aka throat
11How many sections does the pharynx have?
3
12What are the 3 different parts of the pharynx called?
Nasal, oral and laryngo
13What part of the pharynx does air and food come together?
Larygno pharynx
14Where does oxygen go after the laryngo pharynx?
Larynx
15Vocal chords are located where?
Larynx
16Where does oxygen go after the larynx?
Trachea
17What separates food and oxygen pathways?
Epiglotis
18Where does oxygen go after the trachea?
Primary bronchus > secondary bronchus > tertiary bronchus
19Where does oxygen exchange happen
Alveolar sacs
20What causes loss of voice?
granuloma
21What is obstructive
Physical blockage that prevents oxygen flow to the alveolar sac
22What is restrictive
Pneumonia mucus causes fibrosis
23What is fibrosis?
Parietal and visceral layers are stuck together so lungs cannot expand
24What is emphysema?
a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged and they dont have enough surface area
25What cells are in bronchus?
Ciliated cells, basal cells, neuroendocrine cell, bronchial gland and cartilage
26What cells are in the bronchioles?
Clara cells, Basal cells, mucus cells, and ciliated cell
27What cells are in the alveolus?
Pneumoncyte type I and type II and capillary
28what is another name for clara cells?
Club cells
29Why do we have cilia in the bronchus?
to trap dust from the air
30Where does oxygen go after the bronchiole?
Alveolar sac
31Which pneumocyte is mostly seen in alveolar sacs?
Pneumocyte type 1
32Why are the pneumocyte cells so thin?
to allow for easy blood transport
33Where is the intersititual space in the alevolar sac?
in between
34What does pneumocytes type II secrete?
surfactant
35What is surfactant mostly made out of?
lipids (80%)
36When lungs expands to let oxygen in, the air pressure is ____ in the lungs?
low
37When lungs contract to let oxygen out, the air pressure is ____ in the lungs?
high
38What happens when there is no surfactant covering the alveolar sac?
Air sacs collapse
39what is Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
an 'atypical' bacterium that causes lung infection.
40What does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
Intersitual pneumonaie
41What is the percentage of oxygen that we’re breathing?
~21%
42How does oxygen move across the gradiant
high to low
43what can cause major lung diseases?
Infectious
Immune
Environmentally-Induced
Circulatoryy
Tumors
44What is an example of infectious diseases?
normal bacteria found in our body (affect immunocomprmised people the most)
45What is an example of immune diseases?
Lupus. autoimmune diseases
46What is an example of environmentally induced diseases?
Mesothelioma
47What is mesothelioma
A tumor of the tissue that lines the lungs, stomach, heart, and other organs.
48what are the different layers on the lungs? (inner to outer)
visceral, pleural cavity, parietal
49Where are the mesothelial cells located?
Inside the pleural sac on the parietal
50What is an example of circulatory diseases?
Pulmonary edema (right side heart failure)
51What is an example of tumors associated with lung diseases?
cancerous tumor in lung can metastasis and travel
52Where are upper respiratory diseases located?
nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
53What is sinusitis?
is a condition in which the spaces inside the nose, also known as sinuses, get inflamed and swollen.
54What is sinusitis associated with
headaches
55What is rhinitis?
Irritation and swelling of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity
56What bacteria is associated with alveolar pneumonia?
haemophilus influenza and streptococcus pneumonaie
57How do you distinguish between alveolar and interstitial pneumonia?
test for bacteria (steptococcus pneumonaie) or immunoglobulins against mycoplasma pneumonae
58What happens in alveolar pneumonia?
WBC enter the alveolar saces and release cytokines which elicits inflammation. (exudates).
59Which type of pneumonia does blood seep into the alveolar space?
alveolar
60List the common bacteria that causes pneumonia.
streptococcus pneumonae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and mycobacterium tuberculosis
61What are the common viruses that causes pneumonia?
Influenza
62What are the common fungi that causes pneumonia?
Aspergillus flavus, candida albicans, pneumocystis jiroveci
63What is the number 1 cause of chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients?
Pseudomonas auerginosa
64what should you think about when you hear mycoplasm pneumonia?
interstitual pneumonia
65What is the pathogenesis of pulmonary infections? aka how do you get these diseases?
inhalation of aerosol particles, aspiration of infected secretions from upper respiratory tract, aspiration of regurgitated gastric contents, hematogenous spread
66What are the clinical features of pneumonia?
Systemic signs of infection, local signs of irritation, airway obstruction, inflammation and tissue destruction
67What are examples of systemic signs of infection?
fever, chills, prostration
68What are examples of local signs of irritation?
cough
69What are clinical examples of airway obstruction?
shortness of breath (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea)
70What are clincial examples of inflammation and tissue destruction?
expectoration of rusty sputum, hemoptysis
71What body temperature indicates bacterial penumonia?
104-105
72What body temperature indicates viral penumonia?
101-102
73What is prostration?
super tiredness
74What type of bacteria causes abscess in the lungs?
Staphylococcus aureus
75what is empyema?
fibrogen and fibrin accumulation due to damage blood vessels. puss is present.
76how many types of pulmonary tuberculosis are there?
3
77What are the 3 types of pulmonary tuberculosis?
Primary, secondary, and extrapulmonary dissemination
78What is extrapulmonary dissemination?
swallowing bloody sputum with TB. Intenstine tuberculosis can arise
79what is ghon’s complex?
a lesion seen in the lung that is caused by tuberculosis.
80What is the central part of the ghon’s complex?
central caseous necrosis
81What indicates if a person has TB?
ghon’s complex in lungs & enlarged lymph nodes in highlar region of lungs.
82What is COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
83What falls under COPD umbrella?
Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and emphysema
84What is chronic bronchitis?
lining of bronchi is infalmmed resulting in swelling. Bronchioles narrow. dyspnea (cant catch breath). can be suspectible to cyanosis.
85what is the number one cause of chronic bronchitis?
smoking
86What is bronchiectasis?
fluid accumulation in small bronchioles
87what is emphysema?
decrease in surface area in alveolar sac. broncioles are open but not enough space in alveolar sacs. tachypnea.
88What COPD is associated with dyspnea?
Chronic bronchitis
89What COPD is associated wjth tachypnea?
emphysema
90What happens when bronicoles dialate?
fluid accumulates
91Is there a cure for bronchiectasis?
no
92What are rhe two types of bronchiectasis?
cylindrical and saccular
93What is the treatment for bronchiectasis?
lung transplantation
94What is another name for emphysema?
pink puffer
95Clinical symptoms of emphysema
enlarged thoracic cage. not enough air in lungs.
96whats another name for chronic bronchitis?
blue bloater
COPD
97clincial symptoms of chronic bronchitis
blu skin color. cyanosis.
98What are examples of immune diseases?
allergic rhinitis, asthma, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer’s lungs)
99What is sarcoidosis?
autoimmune disease where the granumolas are formed against their own cells
100What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
an allergic reaction that causes inflammation in the lungs after inhaling certain substances, such as dust, mold, fungus, or chemicals.
101What are the 2 primary ways hypersensitivity pneumonitis presents itself?
antibody mediated and cell-mediated
102What type of hypersensitivity is antibody mediated?
type 2
103What type of hypersentivity is cell mediated?
type 4
104what are the 3 different types of atelectasis?
Pneumothorax, hydrothorax, and tumor
105what is the most common malignant tumor in internal organs in united states?
lung carcinoma
106What is lung carcinoma often related to?
cigarette smoking
107at what age is lung carcinoma is commonly seen?
Rare before age of 40 but rises with age