Dino 3

Incredibly diverse, highly derived coelurosaurs.

long hands and arms, larger brains compared to body size, a semi-lunate bone in the wrist for more wrist mobility, a bony sternum

to reap/cut off

Early to Late Cretaceous

Asia and NA

long necks, wide 'pot-bellied' torsos, a more upright posture, relatively short tails, leafed-shaped teeth for eating plants, enormous claws to move vegetation.

A smaller and less derived therizinosaur

125 Ma

China, Yixian Formation

A later more derived Therizinosaurs

Hallux moved downward and became a functional (weight-bearing) pedal digit.

toward

92 Ma

North America

slothful claw

30 cm long

scythe lizard

70 Ma

Mongolia

1m

Scapula, humerus, both ulna, right radius, two right carpals, right metacarpals including a complete digit Il, and some ribs with gastralia

egg thief lizard

Asia and North America

Use feathers to attract females

Box like skulls, short snouts, thick mandible & large mandibular fenestra, few to no teeth, short thick tail

A small, basal oviraptorosaur

China, Yixian Formation

125 Ma

gastrailia found in stomach

Full fossil

first to have shorter tail

They had fancy feathers

Asia

Caenagnathidae & Oviraptoridae

Egg thief lizard

slender & hollow mandible and with ridges and tooth like bumps

breaking open hard things like nuts or eggs

Yes

robust mandibles

yes, fuzzy feathers

Gobi Desert

85 to 70 Ma

Sandstorms that suffocated the dinos and heavy rainstorms that caused large dunes to fall

Up to 22

Use the feathers on arms to cover the eggs from wind

75 Ma

Mongolia

A blunt nasal crest forward of the eyes

emu-sized

66 Ma

Chicken from hell

Only North American oviraptorosaur to have a near fully complete fossil

Hell Creek Fn.

tall rounded paper thin crest

Giant Seizer

Mongolia

85 Ma

1 partial, disarticulated fossil

When dinosaurs were most abundant and diverse

Late Jurrasic

long, slender skulls and slender, peg-like teeth

30 tonnes

extremely long necks and tails

Smaller

double beam

80

33.5m long

Their middle of the tail chevron is flattened like skies

Amargasaurus & Nigersaurus

fern mower

One row of teeth along front of mouth & had multiple rows of replacement teeth

head oriented facing down

spoon shaped spatulate teeth

Large nairs with crest of bone above tall skull & wider stance - wider hip bones elongate metacarpals & phalanges are reduced in size or absent

Spatulate teeth

Camarasaurus

Blunt face

At the top

Brachiosauridae & Titanosauria

They had giraffe-like proportions

Longest and heaviest sauropods of all time

much longer forelimbs than rear limbs

Late Jurassic

North America

No phalangies, giraffe like stance, shorter tail

Pillar like legs

near birds

dromaeosaurs, troodontids, avialae

160 Ma at the latest

retractable pedal digit II with an enlarged claw, stiffened tail flexible at the base(for moving up/down), backward-directed pubis, larger, elongated skulls with small, serrated teeth

running lizards

Everywhere

to help with turning

Yes

four winged

China

125 Ma

through gliding from tree to tree

Arboreal

dark

two long feathers sticking out of end of tail as a display

swift plunderer

Asia

1971

For increased movement and protection

Bumps on ulna

They both have bumps on ulna where feathers went

largest dromaeosaur

North America

130 Ma

Ambush predator

22cm

6m

robust skeleton & tall neural spines along the dorsal vertebrae

terrible claw

Early K

Deinonychus

Ectotherms

Endotherms

Generates heat from existing

Middle Jurassic

coelurosaurs

brain massody mass

Sauropods , ankylosaurs, stegosaurus too.

sister-clade to availee

large numbers of closely spaced teeth in the lower jaw.

soundly sleeping dragon

Yixian Formation

125 Ma

both fossils found in roosting position

wounding tooth

75 Ma

North America

Because most fossils found were teeth

raised mound that surrounds an excavated pit.

days to weeks

22

Feathers on arms covered eggs

By placing nests by dunes

Velociraptor & Protoceratops

Used the sickle claw on the foot to cut the throat

Burial in sandstone

Bit down on right arm

teeth, clawed fingers on its wings, long tail, sickle claw

fused pelvis

Yes, the sternum was much smaller

smaller in size, longer & narrower, shorter necks, longer forelimbs compared to hindlimbs

long, slender skulls and, peg-like teeth, lightweight, long necks & tails

large nares with a crest of bone above, wide hip bones giving them an especially wide stance, elongate metacarpals with either reduced manual phalanges or none at all.

100.5ma-66ma

145ma-100.5ma

164ma-145ma

174ma-164ma

201ma-174ma

125 Ma

Bone comprising the shoulder girdle with the coracoid

Four types: Cervical, Dorsal, Sacral, Caudal

Fusion of sacral vertebrae into a single unit

Bone directly connected to the sacral vertebrae

Attached along the underside of the Caudal vertebrae

Hollow, honeycombed, air-filled for lighter weight

Includes braincase, face, and upper jaw

Lower jaw bone

Eyesocket

Large opening in facial bones anterior to the orbit

Openings in the skull for jaw muscle attachment

Openings in the skull for jaw muscle attachment

Tooth-bearing bone of the mandible

Cheek bone ventral to the orbit

Includes scapula, coracoid, and clavicle

Upper arm bone meeting scapula & coracoid at the shoulder

Larger and more posterior forearm bone

Smaller and more anterior forearm bone

Hand composed of carpals, metacarpals, and digits

Connects hindlimb to the sacral part of the axial skeleton

Dorsal most bone connecting to sacral vertebrae

Lower pelvic bone attaching anterior to the ischium

Lower pelvic bone attaching posterior to the pubis

Thigh bone fitting into the acetabulum

Main shin bone thicker and medial to the fibula

Smaller and lateral shin bone

Foot composed of tarsals, metatarsals, and digits

Various small bones of the ankle. The wrist as a whole is called the tarsus (pl. tarsi. Two tarsals of importance in dinosaurs are the two proximal tarsals,

the long bones of the body of the foot. These are numbered I-V, with I being the medialmost (the one to which the big toe is attached) and V being the lateralmost (the one to which the little toe is attached). All the metacarpals as a unit are called the metatarsus (pl. metatarsi). Unlike humans and bears, but like cats and dogs and horses (and birds...), dinosaurs held their metatarsi upright, so that their ankles did not normally touch the ground

toes. Digits are numbered I-V as above, with I being the big toe, and V being the little toe. Digits are composed of individual finger bones or phalanges (singular phalanx). The distalmost, claw- or hoof-bearing phalanx is called the ungual

highly derived avian theropods.

Confuciusornis

Archaeopteryx

Downy coat

Bony Sternum

pennaceous feathers, hollow bones, a furcula, bipedal, walk on toes, complicated efficient air sac system, feather integument, bowed ulna, pubis pointing towards the back.

digits 2 & 3 to make carpometacarpus (fused to make more rigid support structure)

alula

Synsacrum is an evolutionary novelty of modern birds that is the fusing of the sacrum and a bunch of vertebrae.

Modern birds have keeled sternum which is basically a big bony sternum.

A pygostyle is the fusing of the end of the caudal vertebrae in the tail that is shared by both modern birds and some highly derived theropods.

tarsometatatarsus + grasping digit 1

lightens the bird, is a cooling system, and makes breathing more efficient (can get oxygen on both in and out breath).

Primaries attached to the carpometacarpus, secondaries, attached to Ulna and tertials attached to humerus.

better for flyin.

A tronsitional bird and the "missing link" between archaic birds & modern birds

In the Yixian formation.

larger sternum but not big an keeled like a modern bird, smol chest muscles, clawed digits on hands that are not fused,

An Ancient bird capable of weak powered flight.

A feather in 1860 150ma in Solfhofen limestone.

They both have flight feathers and a backwards-directed pubis.

both have feathers, small serrated teeth, long bony tail, 3 pedal digits, hallux, hollow bones, backward pubis, long clawed hands, furcula , small bony sternum and s shaped neck.

the quill gets thinner and becomes the shaft, barbs come out of the shaft(the hairs that come out of either side of a feather). barbules come out of barbs to hook barbs together to keep the feather shape of the feather.