1what types of learning are there ?
1. perceptual
2. stimulus response
3. motor learning
4. relational learning
2what is perceptural learning ?
better and faster identification if the stimulus has been seen before
3what is stimulus response learning ?
1. classical conditionaing
2. instrumentla conditioning
4what is classical conditioning ?
pavlov
initial neutral stimulus beacomes reflexive inducer of behviour
5what s omstrumental aconditioning ?
reward / punishment
6what is motor learning ?
riding a bike
7what is relational learning ?
explicit memory
( episodic , semnatic , spatial )
8what is S R learning in the case of Pavlov's dog ?
food = salivation
sound of bell = no response ( weak connction between neurins )
sound of bell = salivation ( syanpse connectibg sound with neurons that induce salive )
9what is the Hebb rule ?
if a synaose is activated at the same time as a post synaptic is activated
= strenthened
10what is the long term potentiator ?
repetaed stimulation of the axon = action potential in pstsynaptic neuron = long lasting EPSP
11what is the experiment that proves long term potentiator ?
before LTP one small spike
24 hours after LTP , response much much larger
12which path is used in the ling term potentiator ?
prefrontal pathway → denate gyrus
13what is LTP ?
a persistent increase in synaptic strength following high frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse
14what is the denate gyrus ?
rojections from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus (DG) **play a central role in memory encoding**
15which part of the brain is important for the LTP?
hippocampus
16what is associative LTP ?
when we have two imputs to rhe same response
17what are the requirments for LTP ?
1. axon activates ( secretion of glutamate)
2. depolarisation of postsynaptic rceptopr
18why do we need our posynatic neurin to depolarise ?
NMDA receptor
19what is the course of action for the NMDA recetor ?
1. glutamate receptor binds to receptor ( blocked my Mg2)
2. depolarisation : expells Mg2
3. NMDA opens
4. calcium enters
5. activation of CAM kII
6. proteins attch to CAM KII
7. AMPA receptors get delivered to membrane
8. postsynaptic neuron is more responsive to glutamate
9. stronger synapse is produced
20what is instrumental conditioning ?
operant conditioning : behaviour followed by reinforcement or punishment
21what is reinforcement?
promotes behaviour
positive reinforcement
nehative reinforcment
22what is positive reinforcement ?
do good , get something
23what is negative rerinforcement ?
do good , get bad taken away
24what is a punsihemnt ?
reduces behaviour
25what is positive reinforcement?
do something , get something bad
26what is negative reinforcement ?
do something bad , get goo taken away
27what is skinner's box ?
teach rats positive behaviour by reinforcement
28which part of the brain is related to reinforcement learning ?
medial forebrain
connections in ventral tenemental area
nucleus accumbent
29what is the nucleus assumers ?
**neural interface between motivation and action**
playing a key role on feeding, sexual, reward, stress related, drug self administration behaviors
30what is relational learning ?
declarative or relational
31what is the memory model ?
events induce neural activity
neural path " burn in " hippocampus = changes in synaptic connections
32what does the stimulus predict ?
stimulus → sensory memory → working memory → long term meory
33what is sensory memory ?
short trace memory
( few seconds ) of seeing an information
34where is sensory memory represented in the brain ?
primary visual / auditory or sensory cortex
35what is the working memory ?
central executive composed of :
1. visospatial sketchpad ( image )
2. verbal reheral ( words )
36what types of long term memory are there? ?
non decalrative
declarative
37what is non decalrative memory ?
implicit / non aware memory
38what is an example of implicit memory ?
riding a bike
39what is declarative memory ?
explicit memory that you can express
40what types of explicit memory are there ?
1. semnatic
2. episodic
41what is the semantic memory ?
facts
42what is episodic memory ?
own events
43in what part of the brain can we see semantic memory ?
lateral temporal
44in which part of the brain can we see episodic memory ?
medial temporal
45in whihc part of the brain can we see spatial memory ?
para hippocampus
46what is anterograde amsnesia ?
person cannot form new memories
however patient HM : due to perceptual priming could perform tasks he did no tknow he was knew
47what is perceptual priming ?
exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus
48whcih part of the brain is damaged for retrograde amseia ?
hippocampus
49whcih part of the brain has a role in spatial orientation ?
hippocampus
50what happens if hippocampus is anesthiszed ?
immediatly after : no memory
30 ay after : really good memory
51what happens if the cortex is anasthised ?
immediatly after: good memory
30 day after : no memory
52what is reconsolidation ?
the change of old memory to match the new memory
53what is one way reconsolidation be done ?
electromagnetic stimulation
54what are zips ?
drugs that are able to erase long term meory
55why do zip drugs work ?
AMPA receptors need to be mentained
if they are disturbed by the drug
result in synaptic change
memory is lost