1what are the charcteristics of long term memory ?
unlimited capacity
no or hardly any decay
retrieval may fail due to inadequate retrieval cues
2what are the charcreistics of short term memory ?
very limited capacity
quick decay ( 30 seconds )
rehearsed information
3what is sensory memory ?
very brief memory that allows people to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased
4how can we test senosry memory ?
letters were flashed on the screen
report what they saw
5what affect the senosry memory responses ?
passing of time
attention
6what is the main defect of the experiment and how can we solve it ?
time decresases the perormance : a high , medium and low tone is introduces that lets the participant know which row of letters to say out loud
7what percentage of information is available after the presenattion of the tone ?
80%
8how much information does ensory information retain ?
obtains almost all information, due to time the information decays as attention is directed in another side
9what is the capacity of sesory memory ?
large capacity
10what is the decay rate of sensory memory ?
1s ( extremly quick )
11how can we insure information goes form senory memory to short term memory ?
attention
12what is the phonolgical loop ?
**a phonological store that is dedicated to working memory and that serves to temporarily hold verbal information**
13what is articulary suppresion ?
blocking the phonological loop
14what is an exmaple of articularly suppresion ?
participant is visually presented with words for later recall
control condition : no additional task
experimental control : articulatory suppression
articulatory suppression causes memory to go down
15what are the main working memory modal modal problems ?
1. short term memory capacity
2. short term memory decay decay
3. depth of processing
4. working bench
16what is the primacy effct ?
the phenomenon that the words in the begining of the information list wil be remebered better as they have more time to go in the lng term memory
17what is the reccency effect ?
recency effect is due to the short term memory as words have just been heard
18whta is the short term memory capacity problem ?
debate of how short the capacity of short term memory is :
1. Miller
2. Nelson
19what is Miller's short term memory capacity theory ?
" the magical number seven plus minus two"
digit span task : 5 /9 digits
20what is chuncking?
when we have items we are prone to chucking them ( letters and numbers )
chunking increases the probability of capacity short term memory
21what is Nelson's theory of memory capcity ?
"magical number four"
miller overestimated STM capacity
22chucnking is not possible why is chuncking impossible according to Nelson ?
when people are presented with a secondary task ( looking at an image) they are not able to chunck anymore : this shows real capacity of short term memory to be 4
23what is the short term memory decay study ?
3 memory trials
to prevent rehaersal : fillet task count backwards
test : reposr the last 3 letters at the end of each trial
results shoe that the memory switches every 3 to 16 seconds
24why is the study not enough to show that short term memory is not 3 seconds ?
each individual trial we can see that the first trial and second trial do not differ so much
problem is between interference of previous trials
25what is proactive insteference ?
**Proactive**: old information interferes with new information
26what is retroactive amsesia ?
**Retroactive**: new information interferes with old information
27what does interference refer to ?
with what information does information get in the way
28what is the cause of forgetting in the STM?
interference than due to decay
29at what levels can interference happen ?
phonological (letter) level but also at a semantic (meaning) level
30what is the depth of prpocessing problem of the modal modal theory ?
1. shallow processing
2. deep processing
31what is shallow processing ?
repetition with no meaning
32what is deep processing ?
connecting to existing knowledge
33what is a question that proves shallow processing ?
lower case or upper case ?
34what is a question that proves deep porcessing ?
does it rhyme with strike ?
35what is a question that proves the deepest processing ?
when you arrive at the station his ....... was stolen
36what is the working bench problem of modal modal processing ?
**"workbench" where information is temporarily stored and actively processed**
37what is one exampl of workebenc in the real world ?
John has taken orders from his friends : 3 beers, 1 gin tonic, 2 coke and a glass of red wine . arriving at the bar he receives a text message that one of the beers should be replaced
38what is the cenetral executive?
**flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes composed of :**
1. phonological loop
2. visospatial sketchpad
39what is the phonogical loop ?
verbal and auditory information
40what is the visospatial sketchpad ?
visual and spatial information
41what is the role of the central executive ?
recruits relevant "slave systems"
attentional controller
coordination of complex cognitive operations
42what are slave systems ?
43whcic areas of the brain contribute to functions ?
1. Broca's area
2. Parietal
3. Frontal eyes fiels
4. Prefrontal
5. Inferior parietal
44what is the role of Broca's area ?
speech
phonological loop
45what is the role of parietal lobe ?
spatial awareness
46what is the role of frontal eyes field ?
visuaospatial sketchpad
47what is the role of inferior parietal lobe ?
attention
48what is the role of prefrontal cortex ?
controls "lower level" cortical (and subcortical) brain areas
49what is imaginery ?
the ability to recreate the sensory world in absence of visual stimuli : the picture in your head
50what is an exmaple mental rotation task ?
task : are the objects identical or not ?
independent variable : angular difference between objects
dependent variable : reaction time
there is a positive correlation
51what is the imaginary debate ?
is visual imagery based on a spatial mechanism (similar to perception ) or propositional mechanism (similar to language )
52what is Kossly's view on the imaginery debate ?
when you ask a question that is close to the focus of attention you are quick
further you have to go in your mental image the longer the time
53what is Pylyshyn's view of imaginery debate ?
we have a list of organisation
boat exmaple ( we go form the bacl to from on each section to find the info we need)
it takes a longer time to go through the list of all of the organisation propositions
54what is Ganis's view on imaginery ?
subjects see pictures
either imagine or actually see an image of the tree
55what is stronger thna imagery ?
he earliest visual projection areas is perception stronger than imagery
56what is TMS ?
transcranial magnatic stimulations
57what does TMS do ?
magnetic pulses induced electric current in neuron : temporarily turned off
58how do we use TMS ?
plan is to turn off the neurons in the visual lobe in order to show they are Acaully involved in imaginary
59how did Kosslin use TMS to show neuron activation in imaginary ?
perception or imagery
TMS : real or sham
dependent variable reaction time
60what were the results of Kosslins study ?
all participants (separate lines) showed slower reaction time in the TMS condition that condition that in the noTMS (sham) condition
61which part of the brain is used in imaginary ?
the occipital lobe
62what is the difference between imaginery and perception ?
imaginary has qualities that are similar to perception but these processes are not identical
*perception starts in the outside world
*imaginary in our mind
*they meet in the middle
63whai is an epiphenomenon ?
secondary symptom, occurring simultaneously with a disease or condition but not directly related to it
64is imaginery an epiphenomenon ?
no