lecture 11 * biology and cognition*

working memory and long term memory

content for other processes :

reasoning

calculating

remebering new information

long term storage

storing new infromation

musician

medial temporal lobe

normal working memory (aprox 2 min )

impaired long term memory

anterograde amsnesia

patient cannot memories after the damage , no new memories

peron cannt have memories prior to the damage , no old memories

epilepsy patient : removed medial temporal lobe

normal working memory

strong impoaired long term memory

strong anterograde amnesia

parietal lobe damage patient

normal long term memory

strong impaired working memory ( only two digits )

1. explicit
2. implicit

consciousness:

**episodic**

**semantic**

(personal ) mental time travel

( facts , knowledge ) knowledge from facts, books

unconscious :

repetition priming

procedural memory

1. priming
2. conditioning
3. propaganda effect
4. commercials

1. playing the piano
2. cycling
3. juggling

nearly all episodic memories contain semantic components

semanticization of episodic knowledge

remember / know procedure

semantic : ok

episodic : poor

semantic poor

episodic : ok

patient KC was incapable of doing this

explicit performance reduces more strongly over time than implicit performance

Every block contained new displays, and displays repeated from preceding blocks (cf. displays 1 and 3).

Participants are unaware of old/new

Dependent variable: Reaction time

types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences

the bear marketing team strategy

trough retrieval process

memory retrieval never occurs in a vacuum : there is always a reason or context that leads us to retrieve content

a discussion you had

a picture you looked at

music that brings atmosphere

a smell

sometimes you know that you know something but you cannot get it out "tip of the tongue effect"

1. free recall
2. cued recall
3. recognition

name as many items of list

( general knowledge )

some items were related to fruit

( context + cue)

which were on the list ?

(item itself )

retrieval cue depends on what encoding was in the first place

the better the match the better the recall

1. encoding specificity
2. state dependent learning
3. transfer appropriate processing

states that human memories are more easily retrieved if external conditions (emotional cues) at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored

cand uit dupa ce am mers in camara , ma intorc langa locul unde mi/a venit gandul sa vad daca imi reamintesc

**improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state are the same during encoding and retrieval**

if angry wehn i study , if i am angry in the exam i will remeber better

The best way of learning depends on how you will be tested

1. Acquisition
2. unnaounced test

question about words that could be :

shallow processing (does the word rhyme with brain )

deep processing ( the ..... arrived at 14:30)

recognition task : which word were in the list trainrain

cued recall : which word rhymes with strain ?

the process that transforms new memories form fragile state , in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state in which they are resistant to disruption

1. synaptic consolidation ( in the order of minutes/hours)
2. systems consolidation (in order of months/years)

neurons that fire together , wire together

LTP : long term potientor

the brain repeats itself ( hippocapus reopens memories unconsciously )

during sleep and relaxiation

1. standard model
2. multiple trace model

1. initially : strong connections between hippocampus and neocortex
2. later : consolidation trough reactivation by hippocampus (sleep)
3. finally : experience becomes stand alone in neocortex

questions the assumption that the hippocampus is important only at the beginning of the consolidation

the hippocampus has been shown to be activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories

multiple traces get stored in the hippocampus as time passes

hippocampus remains crucial for episodic memory , not semantic memory

retrieval "re/opens " the connections

as te reconsolidation re opens the conncetions , they can be altered

anisomycin in rats

propranolol in humans

EMDR therapy : replace with milder version of the memory