2

( Ryle)

1. psychological
2. philosophical

pyschological behaviourism is a methodological thesis about how psychology should proceed

leave out intorspection look only at how poeple act

explanation of behaviour in terms of stimulus

clasical condictioning (pavlov, watson ) / opernat conditioning ( thorndike, skinner)

the stimulus response paradigm doesn't work for complex interactions

the 'poverty of the stimulus argument '

what is wrong with postualtiong non observable entities

considers that mental states are behaviour dispositions

philodphical behaviourism is a thesis about meaning of mental states

tendency to display certain behaviour in certain circumstances ( the dispoition to shatter, dissolve)

not cause of behaviour , it does not guarnetee that it will occur

observable behaviour operationalizes the menaing of mental states

analysis of statemnts about the mind show they are actually about dispositions to behave

the difference between intelligent and non intelligent behaviour , one is caused by the mind

mind is not a 'thing' that causes our behaviour but a concept that refers to a set of behavioural dispositions

mind is a linguistic lable that we use to talk about behavioural dispositions

mind is not more than the way our behaviour is organised , manifested in the intelligent actions of people in certain context

1. holism of th emental : there is no one to one relation behaviour and mental states
2. one mental state can lead to different behaviours
3. a list of all possible behaviuors in all possibel cisrcumstances will ne infinetly long

super stoic : mental states witout corresponding behavioural expression

perfect pretender : behavioural expression without the corresponding mental states

based on multiple premisis we can decide something ,

( today is friday , friday i get payd , i must get money today )

decart thinks mind is the cause of intelligent behaviour

reye thinks the mind is conceptual doen't causes something

→ perhaps itelligent behaviour is caused by something else than non intellignet behaviour


### Identity theory

at least some types (or kinds, or classes) of mental states are, as a matter of contingent fact, literally identical with some types (or kinds, or classes) of brain states.

1. Antonio Demazzio
2. Penfield's cortical humunculus
3. Sperry and Gazzaniga ( split brain experiments)

problem was separation between emotion and reason : wanted to reconnect that

after Phinea's Gage's accident the fact that his personality changes supports the Demazzio's pov

emotion was much more rational + and reason was much more emotional

shows all our behaviour being interrelated to the somatosesory cortex and motor cortex

"key" was projected on the left screen and 'ring' on the right screen

patients reported only to see the ring ( which was processed by the speech center in the left hemisphere)

they could identify the object on the left with their left hand but when Sperry asked they touched, they said 'a ring'

neuroscince suggest very intimate relationship between mental states and brain states, why not identity?

identitiy is different from interaction , association , realization, correlation or causation

word type means class or cathegory, token refers to an individual object in a class or cathegory

type = dog, token = " my neighbours pitbull"

every mental state of a specific type is identical with a brian state of a specific type

e.g. your belief that Amsterdam is the capital of Netherlands is identical with brain state X alwys

menatl states can be realized by different brain states

also intra individual ; neural plasticity

token identity claims that all mental states are brain states

doesn't say which mental states are which brain states

every token of a mental state type is identical to a token of a brain type

compatible with multiple realizability

lack of explanatory power : simply stated that mental states are identical with brain states doesn't explain anything

compare : water = H20. here the properties of water can be explained in terms of its moleculear structure

### Functionalism

should not understand the mind in terms of what it is but what it does

we should not charaterize mental states in terms of what they are bu in terms of what they do

1. input ( what causes them)
2. output ( what they cause )
3. their relation to other mental states

pain is an unpleasent senstion ( mental state ) caused by tissue damage , and leads to a bodily respone ( withdrawl response)

input : tissue damage

output: withdrawal response

relation to other mental states : desire to test the BBQ temperature

function of pain : aversion and prevention of bodily harm

mind is a program , a combination of states

1. combines insights from behaviourism and identity theory
2. connection with behaviourism : internal ( mental ) states exist and they do play a causal role , they also relate to behaviour
3. conncetion to identtiy theory : mental states can be brain proceses but is no type identity because multiple relizability

focus on 'cognitive' models : internal mental states and how they are interrelated

Aaron Beck's ( 1967) cogintive theory of depression

1. the cognitive trid : automatic and reinforcing nehative tuaghts about self , the world and the future
2. negative self schemas: beliefs about the self that are essentially negative and pessimistic
3. errrors un ligc : arbitraty inference , selctive abstaction , magnification and minimalizatin)

functions are part of a computer program

brains work like computers

mindrain = software/hardware

1. what is the implemetation of the function ?
2. is boxology a valid method to adress the question " how does it work ?"
3. the body is of secondary importance

mad scientist removes my brain from my body , suspends it in a vat, connect its neurons by wired provide it with electrical impulses identical to those in the normal brain "

→ the mind goes where the brain goes, even if body's left behind

brian separated form body ad stored in a vat of lie sustaining liquid

"they hand constructed a computer duplicate of my brain, reproducing both the complete information processing structure and computational speed of my brain in a gigant computer "