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neocortex

limbic cortex

olfactory cortef

amygdala + adjacent cortex (uncus)

hippocampus ( this is cortical actually )

contains the following middle , superioir and inferiori temporal gyrus

it is connected to other regions through the brain

separated form upper areas by Sylvian Fissure

1. Auditory areas ( BA 41,42, 22 )
2. Ventral visual stream areas / inferior temporal cortex (BA 20, 21, 37, 38 )
3. Olfactory region / pryform cortex (area 27 ( continues to the frontal lobe as well)

1. lateral (Sylvinan fissure )
2. STS
3. multimodal (polymodal )

gustaroy cortex

auditory association cortex

separates middle and temporal gyri

houses significant amout of neocortex

recives auditory information

visual

somatosensory

neocortex of both L and R is connected by corpus collostrum

medial temporal lobe and amygdala connected by anterioir commisure

1. **Hierarchical system**
2. **Parralel projections ( visual auditory → STS )**
3. **Projections ( auditory/ visual associative → medial temporal → hipppocampus and amygdala )**
4. **Parallel projections → formtal cortex**
5. **Dorsal auditory pathway**

function : stimulus recognition

function : stimulus categorazation and indentification ( focused attention is neccery)

function LTM, spatial memory ( to move) , memory associated to emotions

function : movement control, STM (STST involved in focused attention ) , affect

function : acompany movement based on auditory information

primary auditory cortex

secondary auditory and visual cortex

limbic cortex

part of primary olfactory cortex

amygdala

hippocampus

1. processing auditory input
2. visual object recognition
3. long term storage of sensory input ( memory )
4. processing olfactory input

1. auditory and visual perception
2. memory (LTM for sensory input )
3. emoitonal and motivational functions

temporal association cortex ( including STS )

perception , identification and categorization

neccesitates detalied and focused perception

(medial area + role of hippocampus)

(mdial area + role of amygdala )

detects biological motion (movement of relevance to the spicies )

understanding the intentions of others in an inportant part of social cognition, depends on multimodal integration in the STS

body motion, facial movements, voice cues enable us to recognise perople form safe distance

empathy

cells in STS sensitive to mouth movements and vocal characteristics

white matter ( myelin ) important for transmission to frontal lobe

stress can lead to negative development in pathweys (ILF , IFOF)

recognition of pictures is impaired if they are inverted, recognition shows greater impairment, suggesting there is a selctive ability to recognise upright faces

specific cortical regions within the occipital and temporal lobes involved in recognizing upright faces

impact on ability to porcess faces than oin LH temporal lobe

1. fusiform face area
2. interioir occipital gyri
3. STS
4. intraparietal sulcus
5. amygdala insula limbic system
6. extended system

invariant aspects of faces : perception of unique identity

early perception of facial features

if we see anything goes here

chengable aspects of faces

perception of eye gaze

expression

lip movement

spatially directed attentuin

emotion

personal identity : name and biographical information

semantic memory

further processing in concert with other neural systems

orbitofrotal in deep emotions

disturbances in verbal memory

processing of speech sounds

personality disturbances

disturbances in nonverbal memory

processing music

ipersonalty disturbances

leasion→ increase in treshold (pitch,intensity)

secondary auditory cortex ( superioir anterioir)

Aphasia of Wernicke

disturbance in discrimination , concerning auditory stimuli

applied simultaneously, temoral ordering of tones

amusia (volume, timber, pitch)

aprosodia disturbances in localizing sound space

LEFT!!!!!!

speech sounds get intermingled

disturband recognition of words → comprehension

not being able to regulate speech

has a large effect on speech, reading, writing and repetition

word salad

fluent speech but words are not real

good grammar no menaing

disturbance in temporal primary secondary auditory areas

decline in recognition speech sounds

cannot understand a spoken word but is able to read, written and speak normal

comprehansion of non

lesion anterioir superioir temporal gyri, in particular left side

disconnection Wernick's area

! temoral tertiary auditory areas

false identification of non speech sounds

less frequent, in comparison with wor defness

RH perceptual discriminative : accoustic failure, confusing the osund of a train with sound of drill

can hear a motor sound but do not know which

no hearing problem

LH : associative semantic : the menaing of the sound of running water

organizing material that is important for language and memory

better understanding of long sentences and a lot of text

categorizing pictures aor words, resulting in a better memory

sematic categories have a hierarchical structure

duck : animal →bird→ waterbird

leasion LH temporal lobe : one is able to recognize a broad category but problems in recognizing specific ones

problems in interpreting and using information in the correct context

same information may differ depending on the context " fall is a season or a tumbling

contex may be important for face recognition

temporal right side