1what are dimensions ?
way in which traits are formaly conceptualized and measured by most psychologists
2what are types ?
active or passive, each end of the dimension
3what are psychological triats?
characteristics that describe ways in which people are different from each other
4what is the categoriacal theory ?
people are strictly liited in the number of personality types
5what is the a trait ?
presumed to be internal in the sens that individuals caarry desires, needs and wants from one situation to the next
6what are traits as internal causal ?
something inside of each person that makes them act in a particlular way
7what does causal reffer to in terms of persoanlity ?
what we want and need makes us act in a specific way
8what are traits as descriptive summaries ?
do not make any assumptions about internality or causality
we can see trait in behaviour but cannot assumbe causality
9how can we NOT use traits as descriptive summaries ?
do not prejudge the cause of someone's behaviour, use trait to describe the trend in behaviour
10how do dimensions realete to types ?
one dimension = two types ( passive / active )
11what are the Greek typologies ?
1. sanguines
1. cholericus
2. phlegmaticus
3. melancholicus
12what is the sanguines thypology ?
( blood air spring)
13what is the cholericus typology ?
(yellow bile fire summer )
14what is the phlegmaticus typology ?
(phlegm water wither )
15what is the melancholicus typology ?
( black bine earth autumn)
16what are the somatoform types ?
endomorpth
mesomorph
ectomorph
17on what do somatotypes form ?
base the personality trits based on how someone looks
18what are Jung's typology Mayers Briggers type indicator?
1. Extraversion vs Intraversion
2. Sensing vs Intuition
3. Thinking vs Feeling
4. Judging vs Percieving
19what are the approaches to indetify traits ?
1. lexical approach
2. statistical approach
3. theoretical approach
20what is the lexical hypothesis ?
**the number of dimensions stands in the nr of words that can describe personality**
21how does language relate to perosnality according to Goldberg ?
individual differences that are importan = encoded in language
22how does the nr of words that describle relate to personality ?
the more important the more languages have one or more words
23what lexical componensts describe personality ?
nouns ( cllown , dictator, liar, critic )
adjecctives ( funny , dictroial , lying , critical )
verbs ( to laugh , to dictate , to lie , to criticize )
24who conducted the first selection of adjectives ?
Webster's 'New International Dictionary'
25how many adjectives did Webster find that describe personality ?
aproximatly 400.0 words of whcih 4.5% personality characteristcs = 17.953 adjectives
26what types of adjectives did Webster remove from the list ?
physical appereance ( tall, fat)
intelectual capacieties ( capable, intelligent)
temporary moods (hurt, surprised)
strong judgements ( abnorma, bad)
27how many adjectives did Brokken reduce he list to ?
1.203
28in the foolow up dutch study hoe many words were used ?
551
29how were manageble lists creted ?
identify important traits strats with a pool of personality items
30what is the statistical approach ?
large number of people rate themselves on the items
itentify clusters of itmes using statistics
31what is the gal of the statistical approach ?
indentify the major dimensions of the personality map
32what is the most used sttaistical approach ?
factor analyisis
33what is the theoretical approach ?
used to identify important dimensions of individual differences
first need to determine whcih variables are important
34what did Goldberg invent ?
the big five dimensions
35what are the big five dimesions ?
1. Surgency or Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Emotional Stability or neuroticism
5. Openess Intelect or openess to expirince
36based on which apporaches was the five factor model created ?
the five factor model was originally based on a combination of the lexical approach and statistical approaches
37what were the four lists vreated for the five factor model ?
(1) *stable traits* (e.g., secure, intelligent),
(2) *temporary states, moods, and activities* (e.g., agitated, excited),
(3) *social evaluations* (e.g., charming, irritating), and
(4)*metaphorical, physical, and doubtful terms* (e.g., prolific, lean)
38what were the big five according to the Dutch reserch ?
1. Extraversion
2. Friendliness
3. Cobsciusness
4. Emotional stability
5. Intellect / spirit
39what is the NEO PI R model ?
most widely used measure using a sentence
41what are the components of NEO PI R ?
1. Neuroticism : *I have frequent mood swings*
2. Extraversion : *I don't find iteasy to take charge of a situation*
3. Opness to experience : *I enjoy trying new and foreign foods*
4. Personality Inventory : *Most people I know like me*
5. Conscinciousness : *I keep my belongings neat and clean*
42what questionnaire do we use for the big fige ?
FFPI (=Five Factor Personality Inventory) Hendriks (1997)
43what are the HEXACO dimensions ?
H = Honesty humility
E = Emotionality
X = eXtraversion
A = Agreeableness
C = Conscientiousness
O = Openness to experience
44what are hinesty humility adjectives ?
sincire , loyal , honest and boastful
45what are emotionality adjectives ?
oversensitive, vulnerable, unstable and stable, confident, balanced, determined
46what are extraversion agdjectives ?
outgoing, cheerful, spontaneous, open , quiet
47what are agreebleness adjectives ?
kind, calm, patient, mild vs fiercem heated
48what are conscineciouness adjectives ?
cheerfull, diligent, fastidious , meticulous
49what are openess to expirince adjectives ?
deep , original , sharp vs uncritical
50what are the differences betwee HEXACO and B5?
HEXACO agreebleness includes 'irritation' component of the Big 5 Emotional stability
HEXACO emotionally includes ' sentimentality' component of the Big 5
51how is engenement represented in the HEXACO model ?
Extraversion = Social engagement
Conscientiousness = Task engagement
Openness to Experiences = Ideas engagement
52how is altruism shown in HEXACO model ?
Honesty
53Humility ←→Taking advantage (proactive)
Agreeableness ←→Revenge (first order reactive)
Emotionality ←→Lack of empathy (second order reactive)
54why is it unlikey that dimensions exist ?
unlikely that every human is 'bimodal'on every dimension
not the case that most people are only located close to the center of clusters people are spread across the different dimensions
55what is a more plausable explanation od dimensions ?
may be possible that in the six personality dimensions, clusters of personality types can be found