1what is agression ?
behaviour intended to hurt or damage a person or an object
2what types of aggresion are there?
1.physical / verbal
2.direct / indirect
3.offensive / defensive
4.instrumental / hostile
3what is instrumental agression ?
agression in order to reach a goal
4what is the motivation of instrumental agression ?
motiveted by pursuing reward or avoiding punishment
! rational !
5what is the hostile or emotional agression ?
goal is to hurt or impose damage
e.g. : ego threat, revenge, Type A
6what is trethened or hurt in hostile agression ?
the ego
7where does hostile agression emerge ?
anger
8what is the main characteristic of hostile agression ?
impulsive and irrational
9what are the differences in gender agression ?
1. male / male → 65%
2. male/female → 22%
3. female/male → 10 %
4. female/female → 2%
10what does the study by Bjorkqvist tell us about agression ?
men ahd much higher levels of direct : verbal and physical agression
women had much higher levels of indirect agression
11what are the individual factors ?
heritability
hormones / neurotransmitters ( testosterone / serotonine )
gender
presonality traits
attribution style
12what are the origins of agressions ?
inborn
response to negative affect
learned
13who created the inborn agression theory ?
Freud : deth drive
14what does the inborn agression theory impose ?
explosive outbursts due to supression of emotion which turn in to damage
15what is the hypothesis of freud : why do we show agression ?
expressing anger will lowe agresion levels
16what is the truth about lowering agressin by showing agression ?
expressing anger only leads to more garession
17what is Bushman's theory regarding agression ?
how to become a very angry perosn? practice practice practice → Bushman
"it is like using gasoline to put out anger"
18what was Bushman's agression study ?
participants were made angry
asked to hit a boxing ball
3 conditions : think of fellow student, think of getting physically in shape, control condition
people were mst agressive when they used the boxing ball and thinking of another
19what does Lorenz think is the origin of anger?
instinct
20what do evolutionary psuchologists explain agression ?
agression is an adaptation
21why do we need agression according to evolutionarists ?
taking over resoruces of others ( food, territory )
defense
status and power
deterring sexual competitors
deterring sexual infidelity
22what theories regarding agression as a reaction to a neggative exist ?
1. frustration agression theory
2. triggered dispaced agression
3. negative affect
23what is the frustration agression theory ?
agression alweys a response to frustration
24what is the triggered displaced agression theory ?
wrong target
25what is the negative effect theory ?
cognitive neoassociative model
26what is the neoassociative model ?
unpleasent event : neggative affect : impulse to fight or flight : anger or fear
27how does arousal influnce agression ?
not specific to one particular emotion
arousal can enhance a specific emotion in general
28who created the two factor theory of emotion ?
Schachter and Singer
29what is the two factor theory of emotion ?
pshisical arousal is missinterpreted
labeling causes more agression
30what agression factors are there?
1. alcohol consumption
2. heat
3. crowds : bigger more agression
4. pain
5. situational cues
31how does alcohol trigger agression ?
disinhibition
decreases self awareness
learned disinhibition
32what is the learned disinhibition effect ?
placebo effect : expect to be drunk so i can be disinhibited
33how does heat trigger agression ?
hotoutside unknown people: agression
34in which part of the globe is thre more agression based on the heath theory ?
you see more agression aroud the ecuador
35what are the effect of weapons ?
weapons stimulate and promote agression and violence
36what are the social and situational factors ?
social situational role
behaviour of others
norms
37what is the factor of social situational role ?
tough guy needs to prove himself to peers
38what is the behaviour of others factor of agression ?
injustice
39what is the norm factor of agression ?
culture or group
40what is the culture of honour ?
a person feels obliged to protect reputation through violence
41what is threatened in agression ?
hurt ego is aimed towards the source
42what is the motivation of culture of honour ?
motivation of revenge, restoring honour and confirming superiority
43what is the Coohen et al. study ?
culture of honour
participants : white male students
hallwey experiment
walk trough narrow corridor
bump into participants and call them " *******"
southern people had higher levels of domination , feeling manly and testosterone
44how did honour culture emerge ?
2 crucial conditions
weak rule of law
high risk for theft
feeling of the higher law do not act fairly
cultural transmission across generations : norms to how to respond to insult
45trough which type of study was learned agression studied ?
observational learning
46what was the Bandura study ?
Bobo doll
47what are the conclusions of bandura study ?
childer learn agression by oberving role models
agression increases if rewarded : opernat conditioning
48what was the procedure of the Bandura study ?
the bobo doll study
watch agression left alone in 2 way mirror
childern would hit the bobo doll
boys little bit more agressive than girls
49what were the problems with the bobo doll study ?
bobo doll not a person
not generalizable
50what are three studies that show media effect in agression ?
1. Libert and Baron
2. Layenes et al.
3. Eron and Huesman
51what is the Libert and Baron study ?
violent vs not violent movies
both groups plsyed a game where the could hurt or not someone
agressivnes was grater after looking at the garessive
52what is the Layenese et al. study ?
belgian male adolescenc
look at violent/nonviolent
nauralistic study : observed puching and yelling
big increase in agression
53what is the Erin and Huesman study ?
8 year old children
looked at TV habbits
coded for violent levels
*10 years later *
prediction was accurate
*20 years later*
predcition was accurate again
54what is the effect of media to agression ?
there is a link between the two
55what is the rape myth ?
wrongful conviction that women enjoy coercive sex
56what is the acquaintance rape context ?
conercive sex on a date between acquaintances
84% of the rapes
offender and raper knew eachother
57how to reduce agression?
punishment
reinforcement
distraction
count to 10
don't eclict it
58does punishment help with agression ?
yes if :
1. punishment is not agressive
2. not too mild not too severe
3. consistent
4. teach alternative ways to solve conflict
59what is a way of dealing with anger ?
rumination or distaction more helpful