3

complex behavioural functions cannot be localized in only one brain area

Luria

complex functions are composed of subcomponents

only subcomponents can be localized in specific brain areas

subcomponent+ area = one complex behaviour ( writing the word "cat")

each cubcomponent contributes to various behavioural functions ( and functional disturbances)

1. posterior cortex "parietal , occipital and temporal lobes" : sensory unit (recieves sensation and processes them )
2. anteriori cortex "frontal lobe" : motor unit ( formulates intentions )

1. Flechsing's primary cortex
2. secondary cortex : slower developed bordering the primary cortex
3. tertiary cortex : most slowly developed cortex

perception of movement : primary visual area

recognize the activities as soccer : secondary visual sensory zone

recognize sound and link them to one team winning : tertiarzone

to intake information : primary →secondary → integrated in tertiary

to carry out inetention : tertiary → tertiary frontal (formulation) → secondary (elaboration) → primary (execution)

distruption in one function candisturbe the whole function

MacLean

neomammalian brain

paleomammalian brain

protoreptilian brain

1. neomammalian : autopilot, fight and flight
2. paleomammalian : emotionas, memories , habits and attchements
3. protoreptilian (neocortex) : language , abstract thoughts, imagination , consciousness

A. brainstem

C. hindbrain

D. midbrain (mesencehpalon )

B. basal ganglia

ital functions like: respiration, heart regulation, regulation of blood pressure

gross motor fucntions like : support reflexes, posture (houding)

where the spinal cord enters the skull and extends to lower areas of forebrain

consists of three cranial nerve nuclei + other that mediate regualtory functions

sensory *nerve fibers* pass trough posterior breinstem → forebrain

motor fibers form forebrain → spinal cord trough brainstem

vital functions : respiration , heart regualtion , blood pressure

gross motor function , reflexes , posture , attention and arousal


### Hindbrain

cerebellum + ponds + reticular formation + medulla

above brainstemcore

surface gatehered in narrow folds (folia)

several nuclei that send cennections to other parts of brain

developed in the sam time as neocortex

motor coordination and motor learning , integrates motor functions with mental processes

upper nuclei = pons

+

lower nuclei = medulla

control body movements

vital functions such as breathing and functioning cardiovascular sysem

tectum and tegumentum

a posterior sensory component ( roof of 3rd ventricle)

two sets of symmetricl nuclei that recieve sensory information form eyes and ears

1. *superior colliculi* ( upper hills)
2. *inferiror colliculi* ( lower hills)

recieve projections form retina of the eye

recieve information auditory information form ears

locating objects, orinting objects by visual and auditory

mediate simple patter recognition of visual stimuli

a motor sturcture ( floor)

motor functioning nuclei of cranial nerves

1. red nucleus
2. substantia nigra
3. periacqueductak gray matter (PAG)

controls limb movements in coordinating limb movements

connects forebrain, promarily basal ganglia (Parkinsons, drug addictions , rewarding value)

secies typical begaviour like sexual behaviour and pain response

1. locus colerus → noradrenaline
2. dorsal ralphe nucleus → serotonine
3. pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus → acetylcholine
4. substantia nigra → dopamine

maintain emotional tone

decrease NE activity related to depression / hyperactivity and attentional deficit

increase NE relate to mania

waitaining walking pattern

OCD , ticks and schizophrenia if too high

depression if too low

maintaining walking pattern of the cortex

play role in memory by maintaining neuron excitability

altzimers diesese

1. *nigrostrial pathways*
2. *mesolimbic pathways*

maintain normal motor behaviour

muscle rigidity and dyskinesia

reward and pleasure

1. amygdala
2. hippocmapus
3. septum
4. cingulate cortex
5. hypothalamus

1. amygdala : temporal lobe
2. hippocampus : anterioir medial
4. cigulate cortex : above corpus collostrum

1. amygdala : emotion
2. hippocampus : memory
3. septum : mediating the connection between the cortex and subcortical limbic nuclei
4. cigulate cortex : sexual behaviour and decidion
5. hypothalamus : homeostasis

recieves information from olfactory lobe → elaborate to emotion → related to personal memory an spatial behaviour

1. decephalon
1. hypothalamus ( "lower room")
2. epithalamus ("upper room ")
3. thalamus ("inner room or chamber")

take part in nearly all aspects of motivated behaviour : feeding , sexual behaviour, sleeping , temperature regulation , emotional behaviour aand movement

pitualry gland → endocrine functions , regulation , emotional behaviour ,eating, sexual behaviour, temperature

pineal gland , melatotnin for seasonal body rythms


### thalamus

(all besides olfaction) almost all information reaches cortex trough thalamys

20 nuclei each projecting specific area of cerebral cortex

each regin has a relayionship with coretx

lateral and medial geniculate body (LGB & MGB)

lateral geniculate body ( LGB) visual porjections

medial geniculate body (MGB) auditory projections

ventrolaetral posterior nuclei (VLP) recives touch , pressure and pain

brain stem (ponds and medulla) → inferior coculus → MGB ( hypothalamus ) → auditory cortex

hippocampus : cortical

septum : subcortical

six layers of cells (gray matter)

two symmetrical cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure

divided in 4 lobes

1. frontal (split by central sulcus posterior , lateral fissure inferiorly and cingulate sulcus medially )
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital

1. posterior areas (=afferent system) primary , secondary and tertiary areas
2. anterioir areas ( =efferent system) primary , secondary and tertiary areas

recieve projections form majour sensory systems

auditory : temporal areas: pitch (toonhooge), intensity

visual : occipital areas : location where retina is stimulated

touch : postcentral , parietal areas

elaboration of information recieved from primary areas

auditory : temporal areas

visual : occipital areas (different different areas form color, movement and form)

touch postcentral, parietal areas

associatin area

integration of varius sensory modalities and cross modal mathcing

information processing at a higher abstract sympolic level

spatial integration of information and selective attention

shor term memroy

preparation for motor porcesses

cortical

addiction

schizophrenia

deficits in attention

all systems project onto basal forebrain ( second source of acetylcholine )

when basal forebrain is activated by the four neurotransmitters is will activate cortex by acetylchonie

Ascending Reticular Activating System → arousal system

consists of both white matter and grey matter ( bot cortical and subcortical areas)