UNIT ONE MAIN DECK

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
consisted of servants, nobels and kings and was totally rigged

loyalties to family
not much concept of nationalism
occured from middle ages uptil french revolution

was a age of absolutism where monarchy had absolure power because of divine rights.

period of renisance whoch focused on HUMANISM
STarted age of enligtnment where questioned rule of kings and queens

The social classes in Frace
1st -clergy(church)
2nd- Nobility (king)
3rd-Commeners

Anger in the Third Estate for a variety of reasons:

-First and Second Estate did not pay taxes

-poorest struggled to provide food because of failed harvests increasing bread prices as well as
Dissatisfaction of Third Estate

-more educated members of the Third Estate (urban professionals) like lawyers, merchants, and doctors were influenced by Enlightenment ideas that people should have influence in their government

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries (caused after renasance and trades and wealthier 3rd estate members)

which was A social movement away from the idea of absolute monarchs towards a system based on religion. and insted emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

Oath taken by representatives of the Third Estate in June 1789, in which they pledged to form a National Assembly and write a constitution limiting the powers of the king.

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.The prison had become a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule, and the event became one of the defining moments in the Revolution that followed.It demonstrated that a force of people could challenge a monarchy and overpower it.

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
they represented the common people of France (also called the Third Estate) and demanded that the king make economic reforms to insure that the people had food to eat.

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Many women began to march on the King's palace. They were starving and main supplly bread was to high of pricec due to bankrupsy of france caused by 1st estate and aiding american war .The French revolutionary guard followed them, besieged the castle and ordered Louis XVI to move into Paris to be watched.

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

the French royal family attempted to flee the country in order to avoid retribution from the revolutionaries. This was a major event in the French Revolution as it led to the eventual deaths of both Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Now seen as more cowardly and sparked anger from crowd as they belived the king didnt want to take acountability. Sparked rumors that kig plotting counter revolution and foriegn invasionw.

(left to right)
radical: create republic, execute pretty much at random, everyone's equal(immediate fundemantal change through any meanse favoiring vilonce)

liberal: new constitution(peacful and legal change) favored human rights and personal liberty

moderate: gradual change
favored human rights with some limits personal liberty with control coapreation while defending nations intrest

conservative: Napoleon, nobles and clergy
reactionary (content with status quo maintaining some tradition and social order)
little gov interference little restriction on freedom law and order

Reactionary: favored good old days (favored change through violence)
authoritarian rule private ptoperty preservment and advancement of nations intrest

jacobin-strong gov dealing eith war economic chos

grionidin- loose grouping of republic politicans

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
- all people are born and should remain free and have equal in rights

slogan combignging nation together (nationalism)

Liberty says about freedom ,equality is for equal distribution of powers and rights so that no one dominates

fraternity is the feeling of brotherhood and it helps us to be one .

Tricolor insignia (flag)
ombining the colour of the king (white) with those of Paris (blue and red). Today, the French tricolour can be seen on all public buildings. It is used for most official ceremonies, both civilian and military.

lady liberty
She is a personification of liberty, a classical symbol used throughout the history of art.

Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.

a sense of national unity and purpose based on a set of commonly held political beliefs (Canada)

vs

nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages. a lower-class Parisian republican in the French Revolution.

declares France a republic and abolishes the monarchy! France also gets a new calendar, new holidays, and a new way of speaking to 'citizens' and 'citizenesses'.

single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. It succeeded the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic after the Insurrection of August 10, 1792.provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792).

Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced.

During the Terror, The Catholic Church was linked to real or potential counter-revolutions. Religion was linked with the Ancient Regime, and Superstition, and so the Committee of Public Safety enacted measures to reduce its influence. IT included: New Calendar, aboloishment of Religious holidays, new names for months, 7-day weeks replaced with 10-day decades.

The government at stay still with nothing happining. is very smart overthrows directory and establishes himself emporer

As the French Revolution and
Napoleonic era unfolded, French people
developed a collective consciousness
that grew out of their shared memory of nepolian and shared pride in - specific events.

still remains a national symbol for
the French

french revolution sparked the ideas of nationalism as there motos of liberity equality and faternity as well as them wanting soverignty ptomote the idea of nationalism

Bank of france- brought inflation under control

Tax Reform- Made it more fair and efficint and increced tax revenues

The Concordat-an agreement between the French state and the Catholic Church that reconciled the Church with the anti-religious policies established during the French Revolution.

Napoleonic Code- unification of tradition and laws. freedom of religon equaltiy before law
(compromise between the old and the new
acknowledging the needs and wishes of the former 3rd
Estate without alienating the other classes.)

education- established Lycees gov run secondary school to train loya and well educated indicisualds step towards universal public education

Legion of honor-Highest French order of merit, both military
and civil
Award to commend civilians and soldiers -
recognition of merit rather than nobility

increased nationalistic tendencies both at home and abroad. In France, he unified the law with the 1804 Napoleonic Code and boosted morale through military victories. His enemies abroad strengthened their own national unity as they worked to fight Napoleon or chafed at their defeat

Napoleon was
defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.
This would be his last defeat.
He was exiled again to the island of
St.Helena where he died in
1821(age 51)

was forced to abdicate his throne after allied Austrian, Prussian and Russian forces vanquished his army and occupied Paris. Banished into exile on Elba, he returned less than a year later to challenge the weak Bourbon king who had replaced him.

Meeting to end the Napoleonic Wars. Conservative representatives from the coalition that defeated Napoleon wanted to undo the changes of the revolution.

Representatives attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.

Balance of Power
Legitimacy
Compensation

British
Austria
Russia
Prussia
France

the political, economic, military, and cultural goals that a nation considers important

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Moderate political faction among leaders of the French Revolution; were not the radical group, but the moderates; favored keeping the king alive

Political group/club: OUTSIDE of PARIS that preferred that the King lives

He was the leader of the committee of public safety. He sent many people to the guillotine during the Reign of Terror because they were against the revolution or were criminals. After a year in the reign of terror he was seen as a threat and executed, ending the terror.

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

During WWI in northern France. In 1917, the Canadians conquered Vimy Ridge which was a huge victory for Canada.

Canada's most significant battle of the war, fought in 1917, ended with the capture of a ridge after French and British forces had failed

as a German attempt to escalate a regional crisis into a wider European war or as a move to localise war in the Balkans.

Showed therre undivided support to Austria hungararay against serbia

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia. They tried to go through belgium however this was bad as begium held tem off and this is when trench system was started to be put to use. Same with canons.

John lock- gov only legitimate if recives conxent from people through a social contract protecter by rights of life liberty and property. Foster indivisual rights and liberties

Thomas hobes - humans inhernty violent and society shoilf be established and maintained through dictator

john rousseau- humans inherntily good but corrupted by soccuety opposing of govenments and laws created directly by people

montesquieu-separation of power , checks and balances and division of power between branches

volataire- indivisual libertuy an dfreedom of speech and religon

A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.

Isolate and defeat Great Britain
(Continental System)
Subdue Europe by military
conquest rather than diplomacy

he Americans' victory over the British may have been one of the greatest catalysts for the French Revolution. The French people saw that a revolt could be successful—even against a major military power-and that lasting change was possible. Many experts argue that this gave them the motivation to rebel.

political:The French Monarchs had unlimited power and they declared themselves as the "Representative of God". Outraged enlightened thinkers

social- growth of middle class
growing burden of feudal dues and inreaced poverty


economic-gorwing gov debt attempt to tax nobels and tax burden all on third estate

It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political power from the Catholic church. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women. Caused the formation of national conversation

Bismarck, then Minister President of Prussia, provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of France. In 1871 he unified Germany into a nation-state, forming the German Empire.

Militarism- gearmany wanted to be one of the big powers and britan afraid they may attack
Alliances-all countries formed alliances to feel more secure and powerfull then it actuall y was . if war started alliances made it so it likely spread
the tripple wntent and alliance

Imperialism-
all great powers competing for collonies and territory (germany esspicially in africa)

british thought germany was taking lots of africa

The Austrians feared Serbia/Russia in the south east europe

Nationalism- all nations wanted to assert power and independence in eurpoe slavic people aided by serbia and russia wanted to be free of austrian people

germany competing with uk to build biiger bavy with more advanced battle ships

feared germany was planning attack on them or their colonies

germany competing with russia and france to expand armies (they did against russia)

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Machine gun brings down rows upon rows of dead solders in the distance

Barbed wire- used as a way to defend trenches

Mines and trenches- used to protect solders from mass casualties

creation of air war- sharing of intreligence as well as fights in the air

tanlks- got better with time like 1918 wehn it tanks could go faster.
Poison gas- chemical warfare

flamethrower-effective tool against fortifications and trenches, showering the enemy with burning liquid and flushing out troops who would be otherwise unassailable

submarine-.Germany used unrestricted
submarine warfare against
the British. Britain responds
by blockading Germany and
both sides suffer major food
shortages.

canda enterd the war through britan since we had forign policies of alliances because we were a part of great britan

Canada's allegiance (loyalty) in WW1 was to the British Empire.
Canada thus promised troop reinforcements and implemented
conscription
(mandatory military service)
(Canadians were against this violation of civilliberties). Few Canadian Francophone volunteered as there was strained reataions as they did not feel patriotic connection to france or britan as ansestors of canada.

During the First World War, national security fears and wartime prejudice drove the policy of internment, which lasted until 1920. During this time, Canada interned 8,579 people identified as "enemy aliens"
they helped capture back vimy ridge by fighting amongst canada

later allowed to sign the treaty of vercsai as a indipendant country

war mesurment acts gave the federal government broad powers to maintain security and order during "war, invasion or insurrection." The Act was used to suspend the civil liberties of "enemy aliens" during both world wars

trench warfare-
set of long tunnels to protect solders from being hit,

dead people, easy spread of deaseases, bordem,

became defensive war as Barbed wire, Concrete machine gun nests, Gas snd gernades took over

, no solder thought they would survive

, consisted of front line, no mans land, support trnches,

tech: Tanks,machine guns poison gas, flamethrowers, aircrafts, sumbarines all turned ww1 into a very defensive attack pought over inches of land

The war had slowly become a one for attruition as Both sides suffer steady & heavy
casualties (deaths), not making
terrific gains in territory, but
simply trying to "bleed the
enemy" before their own armies
are decimated by these steady
losses.

Basically who can stay in the war
the longest and still have men to
fight.

● Germany sank a passenger liner the Lusitania, which angered the
American public.
● Germany sends a telegram to Mexico promising them lost territories if
they go to war with the U.S.
● The U.S. govt. is infuriated, and enters the war in 1917. The addition of
fresh soldiers, weapons, and supplies, seals Germany's fate.

Without US joining the war germans may have won

October 1917- Russia leaves the Allies due
to Russian Revolution
▪ (Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: marked Russia's
exit from the war)
▪ Germany sends all its soldiers to the
Western front for one major battle. They
can still not break through the Allies
trenches
▪ By late 1917 American troops begin to
arrive, the Allies break through German
lines
▪ By November of 1918 Germany asks for an
armistice (basically a truce)

11th day of the 11th month at 11am all the guns
on the western front fall silent.

Germany was publically humiliated as sole reason of war as well as economically and militarly stripped of all power, surrender all colonies and major parts of borders

Germany intially refused to sign because war guilt clause was violation of honor however had no other option and was signed through a diffrent goverment. Many started blaming the faliure of germany to the public for nit supporting the war and stabbing them back, especially the jewish people

Please note: Events not necessarily listed in exact chronological order


*Pre-1789: The Ancien Regime - *

King Louis XV & Pompadour; 7 Years War resulting in French defeat an massive debt (1756-1763); the beginning of Louis XVI's rule in 1774 and his "Cahiers de Doleances" (1789), resulting in general peasant unhappiness after no real changes were made in response to their grievances.


*1789-1792: The First Revolution/Phase 1* or *A Bourgeoisie Revolution -*

*Political Reforms:*
Moderate change; primarily a revolution of the Bourgeoisie and their attainment of political power to fight for the sans-culottes; the first time the Estates General meets since 1649 to discuss France's extreme debt and high prices of food [mostly bread] (1789); National Assembly formed when the 3rd Estate moved to an indoor tennis court and took the Tennis Court Oath (1789)

*Economic Reforms:*
Guilds abolished (1789); church property now used as collateral for new paper money (1789); Laissez-Faire Economic System [no taxes on trade from private parties]; mercantilist control ended; land confiscated from nobles sold to peasants

*Social Reforms:*
Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen (1789); Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790); nobility abolished (1790-1791); Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)

*Religious Reforms:*
Catholic church property taken by the state (1789); monasteries abolished (1789);

*Other:*
The Bastille is stormed (1789); Women's March on Versailles (1789); "What is the 3rd Estate" (1789)


*1792-1794: The Second Revolution/Phase 2* or *A Radical Revolution -*

*Political Reforms:*
Girondins of the Jacobins eliminated from the National Assembly (1792); Robespierre and Danton rise to power as leaders of the Mountain, now the National Convention (1792); Committee of Public Safety formed (1793); Reign of Terror (1793-1794); Louis XVI executed (1793); universal male suffrage (1793); women prohibited from political participation (1793); "Levee en Masse" [mass mobilization] (1793)

*Economic Reforms:*
Price control with the Law of the Maximum (1793); emigrant land confiscation (1793-1794); debt imprisonment and primogeniture [child succession] abolished

*Social Reforms:*
Metric system and new calendar now nationalized; slavery abolished; women now set as family caretakers

*Religious Reforms:*
De-Christianization across the country; Cult of the Supreme Being formed


*1794-1799: Phase 3* or *Thermidorian Reaction -*

*Political Reforms:*
Robespierre executed (1794); new format of legislative body established (1795) the Directory [5-man dictatorship] is established (1795);

*Economic Reforms:*
Price control abolished, prices skyrocket (1795); military expansion supported, temporary gain of jobs

*Social Reforms:*
Restrictions on sans-culottes' political organizations (1795)

*Religious Reforms:*
None

*Other:*
Eventually the citizens of France grew tired of the Directory's corruption and lack of productivity/effectiveness


Timeline of Napoleon is a separate card because this one is really big already and most sources do not consider Napoleon to be part of the French Revolution itself.
timeline of ww1 events