UNIT TWO

policy of avoiding arguments or war by accepting the conditions or demands of the aggressors in hope that that will be enough or creating an excuse on why that is okay. ( mousseline ruling italy or Germany taking over Austria)

policy advocating territorial or economic expansion

nation or state that wields influence on a global scale THis power can shift depending on the nation or state's economic political military and cultural factors. Today's great powers include USA Britain France Russia China Japan and Germany. Together they control over half of the worlds military spending

Policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups especially affairs of other countries ( USA when WWII started )

Ultra_ extra turns something good into a negative. Ultranationalism is a form of nationalism that involves extreme patriotism and often causes conflicts and intrests between operations between nations

Wall street crash- led to extremist groups in europe
Japan invaid MAnchuria- Us and Japan realation no longer. Hitler sees that league of nations has no power at all and that he can invade places and not get in trouble.
hitler becomes chancler of germany jan 1933 and leave League of nations oct 1933
Hitler annexed Austria which is called the Anschluss (forbidden in the Treaty of
Versailles) and invaded the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia). No one stopped him.
Germany invade poland- Poland fights back and it officaly starts wwii in sept 1939
pearl harbor- japanese invade pearl harbor and us then decare war on japan and germany and italy

AXIS Germany italy and japan
ALLIED- Britan france soviet union USA canada and australia

A reimagining of a united Italy.

First organized as a political party
in 1919.

They needed an identity that
people could easily understand and
identify. USed ancient Imperial Roman symbol of power carried by lictors in front of magistrates; a bundle of sticks featuring an axe, indicating the power over life and death.
and show community nationalism mass imobalixation anti liberalism and conservatism

In the wake of the war, many Italians were chagrined by the Treaty of Versailles. They felt the treaty, which carved up the territory of the aggressor nations, disrespected Italy by awarding it far too little land. This “mutilated victory” would shape Italy’s future.

A political philosophy that preaches nation and
often race

above the individual. Often shaped by dictatorship
and suppression of opposition.

The re creation or nostalgia for “old times” is a
persistent fascist theme. The symbols of the Fasces
(bundle of rods with an axe head) as well as the
eagle were old Roman empire symbols brought back
by Mussolini

“Make ….. Great again ...”

Chaotic, unorganized economy and
government structure.

- Italy was disappointed that they weren’t
more important at the Paris peace conference
and weren’t given more “spoils of war”.

- They wanted Germany’s African colonies
and different pieces of land that are now
Slovenia and Croatia.

- Italy’s prime minister Vittorio Orlando left
the conference insulted and disappointed

identify nations neefs
identify nation goals
justify nations needs and goals
realationships wwith nations that share similar ideologies
realationships wwith nations that share opposinf ideologies

treatys
forign aid
military forces
Tarrifs and trades
NGOS
Diiplomacy (reciving and sending of diplomats)

durring interwars (1919 to 1939O and especiallly after great depresion a=many leaders of germany italy and japan leaders said they needed more land to accomplish goals. Racial econimic facor and empire building were part of rational descions theu used to jsutify forign polcy of exoanxins,. these countries purcuid policies of expansionis to build empires and gain resources and markets and forstered extream nationalistic pollicies and convinced nations it was there right to take land from "lesser nations" germans from the jews called Lebensraum. Set stage up for wwii

Hitler'began'to'openly'break'the'conditions'of'the'Treaty'of'Versailles
• 1936'– Hitler'remilitarizes'the'Rhineland.'
• Britain'and'France'took'no'action
• The'United'States'doesn’t'get'involved'as'they'are'going'through'an'isolationist
phase'– they'didn’t'want'to'become'involved'in'another'European'war.'
• 1938'– Germany'unites'with'Austria
• Britain'and'France'decided'that'Austrian'was'German'speaking'anyways'they'wonot
didn’t'act'– they'let'it'go.
Hitler'begins'to'see'that'breaking'the'conditions'of'the'Treaty'of'Versailles'
have'no'consequences'for'him'like'they'said'they'would….hmmm…

nationalism is defined by a sense of pride in one's national identity, or patriotism. Imperialism is the process by which a nation affects or determines the economic or social trajectory of another nation on a global scale.

many major powes were scared of WWI so countries loke french and britan turned to appeasment as desprate way to avoid war. Durring treaty germany had ti recignise countries and hitler started to eye sudetnlanf in czechoslavakia so britan france got in meeting and decided the solution.
The'solution?' They'decided'to'hand'over'the'Sudetenland'to'Germany

advocates non involvment in european and asianconflicts and non entanglmrt in intrernational affairs. USA was very isolationism thinking that since its happining in eurpe its not their problem however after attack on pearl harbor they did nto think that.

wwi
Treaty of versaillies
Germany italy and japan expansionism
Great depression
French and british appeasment
American Isolationism
WWII

Who: various nation-states (allied forces and Axis power)
What: involved un second global scale war involving multiple nations (over 60)
Where: europe, Asia, and islands in pacific ocean
When: began in sept 1939 and ended in sept 1945
why: many nations involved for various reasons with multiple triggers assosiated with outbreaks of war like rise of facism and issues of expansions and treaty of versaillies
How: large scale attacks eith new tech including wepons of mass distruction, chemical wepons and actions assosiated with genocide

economic depression prevailed in Europe for most of the interwar period Many Nations founded difficult to pay their debts without borrowing even more money Germany especially was destroyed economically after World War 1 and its aftermath including the possibly high respirations outlined by the Treaty of Versailles political atmosphere of the interwar was sharply divided between those who the extreme left could solve your problems vs who belived right could,
there were very few modern Nations and the situation with government of Britain and France in constant turmoil swinging from one extreme Viewpoint to another. These extreme veiw points won in forms of totalariam states in europe durring interwar period and communism took hold in soviet union while fascism took ahold in germany italy and spain

German politician and leader of the Nazi party born born in 1889
move to Germany in 1913
enrolled in the German Army for ww1
became part of German Workers Party which eventually transformed into the Nazis party and became leader of the Party in 1921 and
1923 the party tried a coup as they tried to take power in Germany.
He failed and was imprisoned for this and during his imprisonment, he wrote his first volume of autobiography and political Manifesto my struggle.
After his release in 1924 he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting the superiority of the German bloodline, antisemitism and anti-communism and rose to power of the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then furur in 1934
during his reign from 1933 to 1945 he's considered to be with the one who initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland in September of 1939.

Autarky: Germany must be economic independent and self-sufficient
United germany: All German people giving and other nations States deserve to be rule under the rule of Germany
Dangers: Anything or anyone that engage with the success of the German need to be removed
Lebensraum: the Germany people need room to live in other to have access to adequate resources they need
Social Darwinism: We must preserve the unique Aryan racial characteristics with which Nature has equipped for success in the struggle to survive

Racial beliefs: Hitler believed that a person's characteristics, attitude, abilities and behaviour were determined by his or her so-called racial makeup and Hitler's view all groups races and peoples he use those terms interchangeably carried within them traits are passed from one generation to the next no individual could overcome the qualities of race all human history can be explained in the terms of racial struggles

The master race Nazi theorists believe that the Nordic race was descended from Aryan who he believed had a story Glee lived on the North German plain the Nazis declared them the true Germans people or are you in as they called them were Superior to all other races the Nazis believed that they were entitled to expand territory because of this and the rest was a superior once so and therefore needed room to flourish

Volk:You're not just promoted this idea of a v Community which meant that the citizenship was characterized by Blood not by Geographic borders members of the Volk were thought to be part of the superior Aryan race



Social Darwinism Nazis believed that human beings can be classified collectively as races with each races bearing a distinctive characteristic that had been passed down genetically since the first appearance of humans with inherited characteristics related not only to outward appearance and physical structure but also shaped internal mental ways of thinking creative and organizational abilities intelligence paste and a appreciation for culture physical strength and military power this is adopted the social Darwinists take on the Darwin Evolution Theory regarding the survival of the fittest

Targeted groups non-racial Superior races: Nazis defined jew as a race and regarding the Jewish religion as irrelevant the Nazis distributed a wide variety of of types of the Jew and Jewish Behavior and created big divide on who was aryan and who was not . This led to the final solution in wwii
They also targeted other groups for persecution imprisonment and annulation these groups included Roma gypsies people with disability and other political descendants

Belived in eugenics idea that people with disability or social probliems were degenarates whos gened needed ti be eliminatated friom human bloodline

Sterilization in order to keep the iron race pure many groups were prevented from reproducing mentally and physically disabled including the death was sterilized as our people with hereditary diseases born to German woman and French soldier in the rain land at the end of World War 1 recalled re-enroll and Busters and also sterilized

Concentration camps persecutes Jehovah Witnesses gypsies alcoholics pacifiers Beggars Loggins and criminals were often rounded up and sent away to camps during World War II 85% of the German Egypt is died in these camps

Nazis most heavily targeted for persecution by Nazis were the Jews of Germany. The outbreak of World War I brought the horror of the mass killing of the final solution but this began much earlier in the period of 1933 and saw the gradual increase of persecution reaching a turning point during the Kristallnacht in November 1938

1933 Nazis organized boycott of Jewish businesses books by authors were publicly burned just civil servants lawyers and teachers were fired race science lessons were introduced teaching that Jewish people were subhuman

1935 Newman Law Firm last 97 qism into the Nazi state by stripping Jews of German citizenship outlawed marriage between Jews and Germans and taking away all civil and political rights

1938 Jewish people can no longer be doctors dad to add name Israel men or Sarah women to their name to be easily identified children were forbidden to go to school

Kristallnactch November 9th of 1938 SS organized attacks on Jewish homes businesses singing dogs and retaliation for the assassination of the German ambassador to France by a Jew.
After this event conditions for German Jews grew increasingly worse shortly after World War 2 officially broke out Hitler and the Nazis implemented their so-called final solution to what they refer to as the Jewish problem and carried out systematic murder of 6 million European Jews in what came to be known as the Holocaust

1939 Jewish people were forbidden to own or even have a radio business

By the outbreak of World War 2 in September 1939 they were Stateless their employment options in Germany were severely restricted and they feared for their safety

Public Works in order to improve the living standards of German people we must invest in public work projects schools hospitals and public buildings

retirement-In order for the German people to be protected they must rearm themselves and strengthen their military powers

National service Germans will serve the nation and whatever labour capacity available so Germans can rebuild

Nazis view on women and the family Nazis have clear ideas of what they wanted from woman they expected to stay home and look after the family and produce children in order to secure the future of the Aryan race
Hitler believed women's life should revolve around the 3 Ks
Hitler wanted to grow the Aryan population so he tried to achieve this by introducing

the law of encouragement of marriage- in 1933 which gave newlywed couples loans of 1000 marks and allowed them to keep to 250 marks for each child they

MOTHER CROSS-had given an award call the mother's cross to women who had a large number of children
women who had five children were given bronze medal
mother of 6 children wear and silver medals
a gold medal was awarded to a woman who gave birth to 8 or more children
align women volunteered to have a baby for an Aryan member of the SS

Policies toward the youth young people were very important to Hitler and the Nazis the last spoke of the third which lasted for a thousand years to achieve this he would have to enter German children indoctrinated in Nazi ideology to end to this end from the age of ten boys and girls were encouraged to join the Nazis organization called Hitler's Youth the girl's wing of which called the league of German maidens
membership from the age of ten was made compulsory in 1936 and by 1939 90% of German boys aged 14 and over were members Jewish children were banned from this participation

Hitler Youth were made to war military-style uniforms activity standard on the physical exercise and political indoctrination and its aim was to prepare a German boys to become future soldiers
The league of German maidens the girls wear uniform or blue skirt blouse and heavily marching shoes Summit physical activities with domestic skills prepared German girls for future motherhood

as well as influencing beliefs of young Germans to Hitler Youth schools introduced young people and political and racial ideas of Nazism all teachers have to join the Nazi teacher Association which invented and teachers were vetted for political and racial suitability every lesson start of a Heil Hitler

History- lessons included of course on the rise of Nazi power
Biology- lessons included to teach Nazi racial theories evolution in the eugenics
race studies and ideologies- this became a new subject dealing with the Aryan ideas and anti-semitism
physical education- German school children had 5 1 hours sport lessons every week
Geography used to show how hostile and racial inferior neighbours and we're resources laid that were necessary for German living space lebransraum

found in 1925 the German SS served Hitler as personal bodyguards and later became one of the most powerful and feared groups all of Nazi Germany as it became a major entry organization The gastepo were the secret police formed out of the existing state police after the Nazis took the power together they manage the treatment of the inferior races and suppress partisan activities that occupied territories and carried out or pressure against civilians

this all happened before World War 2 had officially started these are the conditions and events occurring in Germany prior to what will be known as the Holocaust it's important to remember what happened in Germany did not overnight these conditions laid the foundation for the horrific events that were yet to occur this was almost a decade of these actions being taken while the world did nothing additionally everything that occurred during this period was legal as the ruling party of Germany the Nazis created laws that allow the other actions to be seen as resume responses and solutions to what the nation had endured

On August 6, 1945, during World War II, an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.”

May 1945 – Germany surrenders and WW2 is over in Europe, but Japanese troops are still fighting in the Pacific
• Fall 1945 – American leaders are preparing to invade Japan
• Why the bombs? Many Americans believed the Japanese were so dedicated that they would never surrender… if they fight until the end, million of Japanese, as well as thousands of Americans will die.
• August 6, 1945 – the United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 – the United States drops a second bomb on Nagasaki

Widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population – murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape or sexual slavery, enforced disappearance of persons, and the crime of apartheid.

The killing of members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of the life calculated to bring about its physical destruction

A term used to make more socially acceptable for the murder or expulsion of an ethnic nation from a territory.

Wilful killing, torture, or inhuman treatment wilfully causing great suffering; and intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population or against those who are involved in a humanitarian or peacekeeping missions.

Starts with rasicm segrerations exclusions denying rights restricted movement and blame and ends with destruction of culture deportation genocide and war crimes

GENOCIDE IS NOT AN EVENT IT IS A PROCESS
1. Classification 2. Symbolization 3. Dehumanization 4. Organization 5. Polarization 6. Preparation 7. Extermination 8. Denial

GENOCIDE IS NOT AN EVENT IT IS A PROCESS
1.Classification: People are divided into "them and us"
2. Symbolization: Giving names or other symbols to the classifications. This can also be done through colors or dress.
3. Dehumanization: One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases.
4. Organization: Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, though sometimes informally or by terrorist groups. Special army units or militias are often trained and armed. Plans are made for genocidal killings.
5. Polarization: Extremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda. Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction.

6.Preparation: Victims are identified and separated out because of their identity. Death lists are drawn up. Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. Their property is expropriated. They are often segregated into ghettoes, forced into concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck region and starved. '7:Extermination: The the mass killing legally called “genocide.” It is “extermination” to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human.

8. Denial: It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims. They block investigations of the crimes, and continue to govern until driven from power by forve when they flee into exile

Information especially of a biased or misleading nature used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

The information that an individual receives can be inaccurate biased unreliable or misleading

Propaganda is the art of persuasion it is a systematic effort to spread opinions or beliefs Often by Distortion or deception the information or viewpoints may not present two sides or multiple perspectives on autopsy big or issue propaganda appeals to emotion rather than reason and may not examine evidence or may prevent Falls or unsupported is statements not based upon factual evidence

The Nazis effective use of propaganda to win the support of millions of Germans in the sea and later dictatorship to facilitate persecution War ultimate genocide the stereotypes and images found in Nazi propaganda we're not new but we're already familiar to the intended audience Propaganda also encouraged passivity and acceptance of the impending measures against Jews as they appeared to depict the Nazi government as stepping in and restoring order
A very popular Propaganda peice is the poisonous mushroom a children's book that was published in 1938 and was intended as anti-semitic propaganda book features both text and illustration that alludes to how difficult to tell jew person from a German person. the book wanted to warn German children about the dangers alleged posed by Jews to tell them personally and German Society in general

ollowing Nazi seizure of power 1933 Hitler establish a reach Ministry of public Enlightenment and propaganda headed by Joseph Goebbels the ministry aim was to ensure that the Nazis message was successful communicated through ART Music Theater the book radio educational material and the Press.
Enlightenment to the action of enlightening or state of being enlightenment

The Nazis were skilled propagandist who uses sophisticated advertising techniques and the most current technology of the time to spread their message once in power at all at Lecrae the ministry of public Enlightenment and propaganda to shape the Germans Viewpoint and behaviour Nazi propaganda and ultimately destruction of Europe's Jews incited hatred and force fostered a climate of indifferent to their fate

Bandwagon:people to join one side cause everyone is
card stacking : only presents good positive of idea and often ommiting info
glittering genralities:use of positive words to dupe us to thinking its a good thing organic
name calling:using derogotory words to describe enemy
plain folk: someoone convince public that his views reflect and work to benifit everyone
testimonialquote or endorsments to connect famous person to product
transfer: link 2 items in peroson like one item to another that persons dislike

means to join refers to annixation of austria to nazi germany

master class and my struggle

historical german name for northern southern and western areas of czechslovakia

people who belong t community based on time line

was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons which was then used on japan.