SOCIAL 20 FINALS

1. Linguistic
2. Ethnic
3. Cultural
4. Religious
5. Geographic
6. Relationship to Land
7. Political
8. Spiritual

people agree to live by shared laws. The shared mutual respect of laws helps people live together peacefully

nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group. the people may create a nation state if they choose to live together with others who share their sense of nation

Used to promite identity. Can be myths or literal.

A belief, or policy that
embraces the
idea of ethnic or cultural diversity and promotes a culturally
pluralistic society. Canada's
multiculturalism is protected by law

LEFGAL CONSTITUTIONAL concept requiring canadian public institutions to adapt to religious and cultural practices as long as preactices do not violate other freddom and rights. RCMP officer and growing a beard.

supportive and possitive attitudes to the land by indivisuals or groups. The land can be city or religion byt ussually applies to nation and nation states

loyalties that compete. People choose between various loyalties based on commitment to those loyalties

loyalty to region and intrests of people living there. I love alberta oil stickers in alberta

Seven Years
War (british anf france
Quiet
Revolution(change in government and social stuff cause gov didnt repersent qubec nationalism)
Bill 101( stop erosion of french national identity)
Quebec
Referendum( qubec civic nationalism calling for independence and creation of nation state)

Led to a growing sense of nationalsim in Canada as vimy ridge take over wasnt possible by the big countries but canada was able to work in troops to make it possible.

In Canada, people who support the idea of Quebec's becoming an independent nation state thy can control its own destiny

Members of Mohawk community who wanted to stop the building of golf course on therir reserve and burial lands.

Age of Reason, thinkers like Locke and hobbes became skeptical of tradition and began challanging authourity.

Abs:divine right habe complete power ussially monarch over the peole. The kings "had god choose therm" to rule
Mer:an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
Feud:A system of government based on landowners and tenants

1) The economic and financial crisis and starvation and drought2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI and absolutism, divine right and all political power in only two states. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates
4) inequality and immobility to move between classes

1789 may estate genaral- voting and repersantation of people and equal voting and grievrances wanted to be heard
1789 june Tennis court Oath- Louis locks them out and they create a national assembly and vow to never separate until a written constitution is formes
!789 July- storming of prison fortress BAstille which was a symbol of royal tyranny and the old regime and how people could take it over
1789 aug Declaration of rights of men- king is overrulled and state now guarntees indivisual liberty equalitu and faternity. all citizens now equal before law
1789 oct- parasian women on versailles- scarcity of bread and rumors of hoarding cause a march to king and demand change in bread price
1790July- church is secrualized and reorganized. sold church land for money and clergy has to take oath to state
1791 june- louis 16 and family try to flee but arrested in versenna
constitution of 1791- constitutional monarcy is establidshed (no absolute rule) leg assemblu with divison between politcial parties
1792- national convention with jacobin demand king be tried and is excuted in 1792 and national convention becomes new gov and france declarred a republic

levee en masse- implemented by convention where gov has total control.. young men were concripted into army and economy was directed towards the war effort. European emperors began to fear revolution may spread to their countries.. France declared war against austria and prusiia in spring 1792. Frances army was weak and lost

leader of national conventionand played big role in the reign of terror.

1792-1793septCommittee on Public Safety-
created in 1793 to "defend" the
revolution from its enemies.
▣ Purged everyone suspected of
being against the revolution- 40
000 people died.
▣ Ended when Robespierre executed

Directory ruled from 1795-99
▣ Still had internal power struggles.
▣ Became more and more corrupt and military
leaders in France grew more powerful...
▣ In 1700 one General overthrew the Directory
and established a new government called the
Consulate. He establishes himself as
Emperor... until NEPOLIAN

French nobility and important
military leader. Instilled a sense of
nationalism in France- the
people were okay with him
taking over. can be considered a savior or a tyrant.
French Revolution and
Napoleonic era unfolded, French
people developed a collective
consciousness out of their
shared memory of - and shared pride
in - specific events.
Still remains a national symbol for
the French.

Napoleonic Code- 1st uniform set of laws that
France ever had.
▣ The Concordat- Made nice with the Church.
▣ The Bank of France- issued government
securities, promoted industry, Franc became a
stable currency.
▣ Tax Reform- no exemption based on class.
▣ Education- government run schools were
created

▣ Napoleonic Wars- France had many conquests and virtually ruled all of
Europe.
▣ Helped spread the feeling of nationalism.
▣ Many warsattles later in 1814 he was defeated by a coalition of
European forces and exiled.
▣ Plotted his return, snuck into France and raised a new army in a period
called "The Hundred days"
▣ June 1815 - Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. This would
be his last defeat.
▣ He was exiled again to the island of St.Helena where he died in 1821(age
51)

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

germany head emperor and goal was to secure new colonial terrortories and sphiers of influence and create larger mnavy then GREAT BRITAN

Militarism - growth of armies/naval forces and glorification of military( thinking rhart all country need strong military and pepare to use it to promote their nation- germany at 1980 had the biggest army)

Alliances - Central powers v.s. Allied
powers (triple entent russia france and britan and triple alliance italy Austria and germany) one or two countries got into war caused all allianced teams to get into war.

Imperialism - The scramble and
motivation to gather and control colonies( germany wanted to gain their place with collonies as britan and france)

Nationalism - The rise in a feeling of
pride/allegiance to one's
country/nationegion(all the nations wanted to increace national status and power and austria and serbia were home to diffrent nationalist groups all who wanted freedom from the states they lived .

War of attrition- both sides
suffered heavy casualties,
Basically who can stay in the
war the longest and still have
men to fight.
▣ Mostly fought on the Western
Front- which was essentially at
a stalemate and this line
remained essentially
unchanged for most of the war.

Conscription Crisis- Canada was loyal to the
British and promised to send troops over
(eventually through conscription)
▣ PM Robert Borden promised no conscription
at first and then introduced it.
▣ Issue divided the country- most French
speaking were opposed- didn't feel the
connection to Britain.

When the US finally entered WWI (due to Germany sinking the
Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegrams)- the fresh troops really
helped the allied forces and turned the tide of the war.
Overall ~ 18 million dead and 23 million wounded
● 11 million dead soldiers
● 7 million dead civilians
World War 1 was the first modern war and therefore the most catastrophic
the world had ever seen:
World War 1 started on July 28, 1914 and officially ended on November 11, 1918

10 months before the war's end, American President
Wilson outlined a blueprint for peace.
▣ His program included a plan for free trade, reduction in
arms and emphasized self-determination.
▣ He also emphasized human rights and a humane
treatment of Germany after the war.

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

france- revange wanted to cripple germany to extent that they couldnt fight another war
Britan- wanted germany to pay damages of the war and secure collonial intrest by limiting the navy.
Italy- began as ally of germany but switched sides after promised land and wanted it.
USA- willson thoughht punishing and humiliatinf germany long term soltuoions to peace. American economy would benifit from strong germany and not concerned about attacks

Germany had to greatly reduce her
army, navy and was not allowed an
air force.
▣ Alsace-Lorraine was to be returned
to France.
▣ Germany lost all of her colonies in
Africa, China, and the pacific.
▣ The Rhineland was to be
demilitarized.
▣ Self Determination- annexation of
neighboring lands Loss of territory.
▣ Germany had to pay reparations. ▣ Germany had to accept the War
Guilt Clause.

None of the "Big Four" were completely
satisfied.
▣ Germany was humiliated by the War Guilt
Clause
▣ German economy was destroyed
□ the financial reparations were forgiven in
1932.
▣ Political strife in Germany = Hitler popularity
to rise.
▣ Germany built up military, another war was
inevitable.

An extreme
form of
nationalism.
Ultranationalist
s are often
fanatically loyal
to their own
nation and
hostile and
racist toward
other nations.
ussuallty what to Ultranationalism?
▣ A social or economic crisis
▣ A charismatic, powerful leader
▣ National symbols and myths that promote
feelings of superiority.

P: control of info to reach goal (used by all dictaors)
A: giving into demands to avoid conflict
N: nazi laws promoting and allowing open discrimination against jews
G: THE KILLING OF MEMBERS OF NATIONAL, ETHNIC RACIAL OR RELIGIUOS GROUP
S: german plan to fight two wars (did not go as planned)
L:International organization created at paris peace confrence to ensure collective security

man-made
famine that under the
leadership of Stalin in
the Soviet republic of
Ukraine from 1932 to
1933, peaking in the late
spring of 1933. It was
part of a broader Soviet
famine (1931-34) that
also caused mass
starvation in the
grain-growing regions
of Soviet Russia.

The persecution
and killing of 6
million European
Jews by the Nazis
Also, political
opponents,
homosexuals,
gypsies, slavs, and
people with mental
and physical
disabilities were
also among the
victims
Total: 11 million
people died in the
holocaust

1917 Russia undergoes a
Bolshevik (communist)
revolution and eventually pulls
out of WWI due to a civil war.
▣ Bolshevik's prevail and the
Soviet Union is formed under
Lenin.
▣ Lenin dies and is succeeded by
Stalin.
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One party state, the state controls policy and economy-
and ALL aspects of life
▣ Economic problems could be solved through
collectivization.
▣ Collectivization of Agriculture- consolidated large
government run farms.
▣ Industrialization- 5 year plans to increase output of
industry.
▣ The Great Purge- eliminated anyone who threatens
Stalin's power- killed 8-13 million people

Germany lost WWI and becomes
the Weimar Republic- people
were not happy with this gov't

▣ People were not happy with the
Treaty of Versailles

▣ 1920's - extreme hyperinflation.

Promised to avenge the Treaty of Versailles

▣ Wrote Mein Kampf - said Aryans were the
master race and everyone else was subhuman.

▣ Wanted Lebensraum- living space for
Germans, wanted to expand Germany.

▣ Went to jail at one point, and at the next point
he was democratically elected- passed the

Enabling Act- which created his dictatorship.

Nazi's believed that they must get rid of anyone who
didn't uphold Nazi values.
● Jews, Roma, homosexuals, mentally and physically
handicapped, Blacks, Slovaks, Catholics.'

Basic rights of Jews taken away by Hitler's government: no buisness, no vechile, no post secondary to jew chilfren could not be postions of powe

At end of WWI, Japan was growing into a
strong democracy
● Great Depression destroys economy
● Japan looks to China for wealth and begins
conquest
● Rape of Nanjing is one of the worst atrocities in
the pre-WWII world

After WWI:
Frustration & humiliation over lost power in North Africa
● desire for imperialist superiority
● Delusions of imperial grandeur
● Mad about not acquiring land promised to them for fighting on the side
of the allies.
Mussolini's Rise to Power
• he switched his stance on issues many times in his rise to power
-ex. 1919 - tried to appeal to workers, when this did not work, he switched
to appeal to the wealthy business people which was more successful
• hated socialists and communists

failed cause america didnt join, economic sanctions failed and they used apeasment as stratigy to stop war

Japan invades Manchuria- China appealed to
the League of Nations- which does not
respond.
▣ Shows that the League is weak and this paves
the way for Hitler and Mussolini.
▣ Italy invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia)- Was won
easily. The League responded with sanctions.

Hitler annexed (took over) Austria
Claimed the Sudetenland
■ Part of Czechoslovakia
Hitler planned to unite all German speaking
people
Munich confrence in 1938 - britan and france agreed to give sutenland and hitler promised not to seek more terrotory this appeasment failed when hitler tooj all of czechoslovakia

Hitler and Stalin sign a
non-aggression pact
Promised not to attack each
other
◻ Hitler launches the blitzkrieg
(Lightning war) against
Poland
◻ Poland quickly falls to Hitler
Britain and France declare war on Germany
◻ ALLIES
Britain
France
Soviet Union
United States
Canada
AXIS
Italy
Japan
Germany
◻ The Soviet Union joined the allies in 1941 after
Hitler broke the Non-Aggression pact

Didn't want to join the war at first but enter s the war
when Pearl Harbour was bombed by Japan on
December 7th, 1941.
▣ 2400 Americans killed, and the US Pacific fleet
destroyed
▣ FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war
against Japan
▣ Italy and Germany declared war on the US

Anger over Treaty of Versailles (Italy &
Germany)
2. Aggression by Germany, Italy, and Japan
3. Failure of world powers US, BR, FR, League
of Nations to stand up to aggression
4. The failure of the policy of appeasement
5. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915

Enlightenment
thinker believed
life was "nasty,
brutish, and
short?"

Enlightenment
thinker is known
for his work The
Wealth of
Nations

Sinking of the
Lusitania and
the
Zimmerman
Telegrams

Classification
symbolization,
dehumanization,
organization,
polarization,
preparation,
Extermination,
and Denial

The doctrine that all
members of the
global community
accept collective
responsibility for the
challenges that face
the world and the
motives of nations
and nation-states
must be respected
in the search for
solutions.

Power to control
one's own affairs
● Power of people
within a
nation-state or
nation to make their
own decisions
about what is in
their interest

The political
authority control
one's own affairs.
Sovereignty may
be distinguished
from, and can
sometimes conflict
with,
self-determination,
which is a people's
right to control
their own affairs.

Process that
occurs in a
former colony
when an
imperial power
withdrawals

S:A country
created from a
previous state.

General
objectives that
guide the
activities and
relationships of
one state in its
interactions with
other states.

policy whereby
a country
completely opts
out of
participating in
international
social, economic,
political and
military affairs

The policy of a
country responding
to events on its
own without
agreements with or
support from other
countries

Agreements
between two
countries to work
toward resolving
issues that concern
both countries

A policy that
involves several
countries working
together to meet
challenges and
solve problems

policy by which
countries agree to
abide by the
decisions of an
international
organization made
up of independent
appointed officials
or representatives
elected by member
states

Economic Stability
▣ Peace and Security
▣ Self- Determination
▣ Humanitarianism

control over the north pole and resources beneath the sea there. Contested between Canada, USA, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Norway.'

Increased global warming = less global sea ice
= more possible trading through the Arctic
circle year round = money & power.

intergovernmental organization that
aims to maintain international peace
and security, develop friendly relations
among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a centre for
harmonizing the actions of nations.
▣ Main agencies: UNICEF, UNESCO, and
WHO
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keep peace among nations
▣ To develop good relations between
countries around the world
▣ To promote human rights, basic
freedoms and justice for all.
▣ Reduce global poverty

Peace Keeping: Is preventing further conflict
between parties. Peacekeepers monitor the
implementation of the ceasefire and oversee the
resolution of the conflict.
▰ Peace Making: Is peaceful intervention to stop
conflict or prevent its spread by bringing hostile
parties to an agreement. Peacemaking occurs
before or during a conflict, with the aim of
negotiating a resolution to the conflict.

▪The World Trade Organization - an organization
that's main goal is the elimination of trade barriers
around the world in order to promote growth and
development.
▪Some critics say that this organizations threatens
national identity with some of its rulings and has too
much power to enforce decisions through economic
sanctions.

free trade agreement between Canada and the united
states went into effect in 1989
• In January of 1994 this agreement was expanded to include
Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement was
created, the largest free trade area in the world was the
result
• NAFTA was the world's largest free trade zone at the time,
which eliminated half the trade barriers between these three
countries
• The remaining barriers were to be phased out in the next 15
years

"new NAFTA"
• An agreement created by the United States, Canada,
and Mexico to replace NAFTA and was signed by
each countries leader
• More than a year of negotiations went into the
USCMA
• When countries join international organization like
these they give up some forms of sovereignty in the
interest of economic prosperity.

EThe European Union became
an official supranational
organization in 1991.
▪It is designed to promote
peace and security

an intergovernmental military
alliance between 30 North
American and European countries.
NATO constitutes a system of
collective defence whereby its
independent member states agree
to mutual defence in response to
an attack by any external party.

North American Air Defense
Agreement was a 1957 pact that
placed under joint command the
air forces of Canada and the
United States.

the political, economic, military, and cultural goals that a nation considers important and how they determine forign policies due to that (realations with other countrys. Germany decided to cut ties britan tried to appease cause no beniit from war

This was the final event of World War II. The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Japan surrendered soon after.

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

1975-1979 attempt to form Communist peasant farming society resulted in deaths by starvation, overwork, and executions.

Genocide of Muslims and Croats by Serbs

Stalin targeted scholars, scientists, and religious leaders

India played a key role in decolonization and the decline of imperialism.

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948): after WWI he led the independence movement through the principle of passive resistance (civil disobedience)

A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after World War II to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany).

wartime acts of cruelty and brutality that are judged beyond the accepted rules of war and human behavior

Are connected through history, culture that makes them a distinct nation. They are the children of First Nation women and European fur traders. Dealt with resistances against the government and fighting for land rights. Are recognized in the constitution today.

The desire for self-government was one way the Inuit thought they could fix many of their social problems. 1999, The Nunavut Land Claim was settled and the new Canadian territory of Nunavut was established for the Inuit as a form of self-governance.

Ultranationalists promoted a return to
ancient values that were woven into the
country's social and political fabric.
Those values included:
▣ -worship of the emperor as a demigod
▣ -belief that the Japanese people are superior
▣ -Japanese have a mission to expand the
borders