cognition Ap psych

all the mental activities associated with thinking

a mental grouping of similar objects

a mental image or best example of a category

A systematic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

sudden realization of a problem's solution

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

we presume such events are common

the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments

the way an issue is posed

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

A system of communication through the use of speech

in a language

in a language

in a language

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

beginning at about 4 months

the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

beginning about age 2

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegraph message--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words

theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language. (Native = Nature).

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. (a.k.a. linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

psychologist famous for describing linguistic determinism

thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution)

a type of thinking that is associated with creativity - seeing lots of solutions to a problem

approach to problem solving that involves randomly trying possible solutions and discarding those that fail to solve the problem

persistence of learning over time

storage

the processing of information into the memory system (for example

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

Process of getting information out of memory storage

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously

including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious

Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected

Retention independent of conscious recollection

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

unconscious encoding of incidental information

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Memory aids

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

enhanced memory after retrieving

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

encoding semantically

A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Activation

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Long-term memory retrieval is best when a person's physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same (e.g.

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

An inability to form new (explicit) memories.

An inability to retrieve information from one's past.

Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

In psychoanalytic theory

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced

That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience (i.e.

Remembering to do things in the future

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

the pattern of storage decay described by Ebbinghaus

then stabilizes

Found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items.

the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically

mental pictures

type of mnemonic that exploits the ease with which we recall layouts of familiar locations

Relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory.

"Thinking about thinking

tendency to forget what was said by the person immediately before you during introductions or saying words

associating an idea with a visual peg word that rhymes with its position on the list

two is a shoe

A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

The encoding of picture images

The encoding of sound

The encoding of meaning

Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

imaginative thinking skills

An effortless

Disturbance in language comprehension or production

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe

A specialised area in the left temporal lobe which is involved with comprehending the sounds of human speech

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory storage (sensory

Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it. Improves memory.

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events