Jack Sparrow Deck - Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

depth, form, motion, constancy

depth perception(due to retinal disparity)

Retinal disparity is defined as the way that your left eye and your right eye view slightly different images. ... Retinal disparity is important in gauging how far away objects are. The more difference (or greater disparity) between the image each eye has of the same object, the closer it is to you.

gives depth perception based on how much eyes are turned inward

relative size

interpositon

relative height

shading/countour

motion (through motion parallax) - things farther away move slower, closer moves faster

constancy - perception of object doesn't change even if the image cast on the retina is diferent. size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy

muscle contracts tympanic membrane to prevent damage

sense of "self in space"

threshold at which you can notice a change in sensation (50% of the time)

If you're inside/within\/below the JND threshold you CANT notice a difference, if you're outside/above the JND you CAN notice a difference

Remember JND threshold is plus or minus

the ratio of background intensity to incremental intensity is constant

ΔI = Ik

minimum intensity of stimulus needed to correctly detect it 50% of the time

stimulus that is just below our absolute threshold of sensation

temperature

pressure

pain

position

neuron fires at constant rate

neuron fires rapidly at first then tapers off

fires as soon as stimulus starts, stops, then starts up again once stimulus stops

endolymph inside semicircular canals

utricle and saccule
calcium carbonate crystals that drag hair cells with the help of gravity to determine linear acceleration

discerning between important and unimportant stimuli.

can have hit, miss, false alarm, or correct rejection

strength of a signal

strategy used

always saying yes, youll get all the hits but might get false alarms

always say no unless 100% sure, will correctly get all false rejections but might get some misses

stimulus affects our perception, data driven (always right)

Details go to big picture

uses background knowledge to influence perceptions (cube illusion). theory driven

theory down to detail

items similar to one another grouped together

reality reduced to simplest form possible (think, olympic rings). instead of seeing 5 rings you see olympic logo

items that are close together are grouped together

lines are seen as following smoothest possible path

objects grouped together are seen as whole (filling in a triangle where there is none, pacman shit)

you perceive symmetry in objects and forming around a central point

thin layer of cells that line the inside of eyelids from the eye

covers over pupil, serves to bend light primarily.compose of thick connective tissue

anterior 1/6th

filled with aqueous humor - provides pressure to maintain shape of the eyball - allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea/iris

composes the anterior chamber, provides support, in front of pupil

opening in middle of iris. opens and closes due to iris contraction.

gives the eye color - muscle that constricts\/relaxes to change the size of the pupil

located behind pupil, bends light towards fovea. changes shape based on suspentory ligaments

suspensory ligaments+ciliary muscle

area between iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor

filled with vitreous humor, jelly like substance, gives pressure to eye

covers back of eye, contains many of the necessary photoreceptors

area of retina with high cone density

special part of macula that has ONLY cones. Dimples in so there are no axons in the way from light directly hitting cones (higher detail)

detect color, high detailed shit

detect light, not as fine detail

black pigmented network of blood vessels used to nourish the eye

thick fibrous tissue covering posterior 5/6 of eye. (1/6 covered by cornea)

rod turned OFF-->bipolar cell turned ON-->retinal ganglion cell turned ON-->goes to brain

converts from cis-retinal to all trans retinal

light hits retinal-->retinal changes conformation to trans-->rhodopsin protein changes conformation-->transducin released-->transducin binds to phosphodiesterase-->lower levels of cGMP-->Na+ channels close-->rod turns OFF (hyperpolarized)

located inside rods/cones. contain proteins that fire APs to brain

also term for Blind spot??

more rods

20x more rods in each eye

light vs dark, black vs white, very sensitive to light vision

slow. which is why takes time to adjust to a dark room

fovea

60% red

30% green

10% blue

the optic nerve connects

no axons in the way of light entering

left

the right temporal and left nasal retinas

left temporal and right nasal retina

optic chiasm

color, form, motion

Feature detection involves the perceptual discrimination of specific aspects of a given stimulus via feature detectors. Feature detectors are specific neurons that preferentially fire in response to very specific stimuli.

Feature detection occurs for all the senses but is most often described regarding vision. Feature detectors in the visual system respond to aspects of the visual stimulus, such as horizontal lines or right angles (among others). The visual system is organized such that feature detectors synapse on neurons that respond to more complex stimuli (eg, faces) localized in certain areas of the brain (eg, fusiform face area)

EXCLUSIVELY VISION

form - spatial resolution, details, color - cones, bad at detecting motion

detects form and color, magno detects depth and motion

(ONLY STATIONARY - POOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION - time)

mnemonic: pink pyramid (a type of "form"/"shape")

good at detecting motion (and depth according to uworld), rods responsible

HIGH TEMPORAL resolution (think time, motion)

POOR SPATIAL - no color

RODS

mnemonic: picture magneto moving shit

our sense of sound

pressurized sound wave and hair cells in ear

higher wavelength, smaller frequency, travels further

pinna

malleus, incus, stapes(hammer, anvil, stirrup). AKA ossicles

oval window, pushes in when vibrating

bulges out when fluid pushes against it

basilar membrane/tectonic membrane that divide cochlea

from pinna --> TM

where the ossicles are

the cochlea/semicircular canals

the hair bundle, composed of kinocilia

kinocilia within hair bundle move, connected to tip link, tip link movement allows K+ flow, K+ flow leads to Ca+2 flow, leading to AP sent to spiral ganglion cell which activates auditory nerve

20Hz to 20kH

how brain differentiates between different frequencies. hair cells at base of cochlea activated by high freq and apex of chochlea are activated by low freq (think, low freq means high wavelength so it travels faster)

receptor changing over time due to stimulus. can downregulate or upregulate (think hand on table, no change in pressure so receptor will stop firing until it changes again). Important because too much stimulation can kill cell (Ex. consitently releasing capsaicin for pain)

map of body in brain, specific region of body has specific region in cortex

spindle fibers (allow for proprioception)

kinaesthesia is more behavioral while proprioception is more subconcious/cognitive.

kinaesthesia more related to movement than sense of position in space

Ex. teaching yourself how to hit a ball

receptor that causes signaling for both heat and pain. Heat causes conformational change in the protein, poking disturbs thousands of cells which release molecules that activate the receptor (pain).

mnemonic: IMAGINE YOU TRIPPED ONTO LAVA (TRP), WOULDNT THAT SHIT HURT?

thick, lots of myelin. supah fast nerve conduction

smaller than alpha-beta, less myelin

small, unmyelinated - lingering

olfactury bulb, projected down into olfactory epilthelium with receptors

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami(glutamate)

Each taste bud receptor has 5 axons, all which send separate taste information to different parts of the gustatory (taste) cortex. Remain separate to the brain. And they all synapse on diff parts of the gustatory (taste) cortex..

ion channels

GPCR

awareness of self and environment

ranges from alertness to sleep

beta waves12-30Hz

Busy waves

alpha waves8-13 Hz

Aloof waves (slowing down)

stage 1 - theta waves

Theta waves, hypnagonic hallucinations (Ex. Hearing doorbell, seeing flash of light), tetris effect (Ex. if playing tetris you may see blocks, if on boat you may feel rocking), hypnic jerks

deeper than N1, precedes N3, see lots of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

burst of brain activity thought to suppress certain perceptions

slow wave sleep, mostly composed of delta waves, also encodes declarative/explicit memory

SLEEP WALKING/TALKING

3 is FOR TREE - A WALKING TALKING TREE - DONT YOU FORGET THIS ONE

Dreams are our unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted.
Little scientific support.

frontal cortex tries to make sense of random impulses from brain stem firing during REM sleep

obesity, depression, mood disorders, poor memory

N3

obstruction related, brain related, hypoventilation

induced altered state of conciousness. more susceptible to power of suggestion

can create false memories - memories that incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended

self induced altered stateincreased alpha and theta waves
regular practitioners have greater ability to control attention

-suppresses CNS-lowers HR and BP
-Vasodilate at low-moderate concentrate and vasoconstrict at high
-alcohol, barbiturates, benzos

-stimulates CNS-increase HR and BP
-vasoconstrict
-nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA
-similar effect to stress

causes altered perception, pupil dilation, feeling of connectedness and mood swings

synthetic derivative of poppy seed, decrease CNS function but also act as analgesic (reduces perception of pain), vasodilator

stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants

endorphin

GABA

increase BP/HR, can disrupt sleep and suppress appetite, acetylcholine receptor agonist (because CNS stimulant)

massive increase in dopamine (blocks reuptake), serotonin, and norepinephrine. causes crash afterward

trigger release of dopamine, and block its reuptake

synthetic hallucinogen, also has stimulant properties. increases dopamine and euphoria. increases HR and body temp

can damage serotonin receptors

serotonin (5-HT2 receptor family)

when you take a typical drug with same conditions every time, body starts preemptively preparing for it.

If you don't get the drug, your body already prepared for the high, so you crash

If you take the drug in a new situation, your body doesn't prepare so your typical dose can become lethal

"dont get the drugs after body has accomodated"

higher risk of addiction/dependence

ventral tegmental, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus

emotional control. ex. This cake is delicious, I love this cake. I am feeling so happy right now.

motor function"Its function is to transfer relevant motivational information to the motor cells in order to obtain a certain reward or satisfaction"

ex. says let’s move hand to take another bite.

ex. puts attention to the cake.

memoryex. Where am I at? Where am I eating this cake? Who am I with? Let’s remember things about this experience

dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down

feelings of satiation

brain gets used to drug stimulus, so it requires more of the drug to achieve same effect or just to feel "normal"

using higher dose, failing to meet (life) obligations, withdrawal,

activates opiate receptors but much more slowly and dampens the high. (treatment for opioid abuse)

addresses both cognitive thought processes (working toward more positive thought patterns) and helps identify behaviors to prevent relapse

working with patient to find intrinsic motivation to change

when doing more than one thing your brain quickly switches between things instead of multitasking

"flashlight beam", only focusing on one thing at a time

we dont have to tell ourselves to notice it. like a bright color or loud noise

(bottom-up processing)

require internal\/background knowledge to understand the cue

cognitive aspect it attached to endogenous (top down processing)

example: cocktail party effect

when we fail to notice something in our view because our attention is focused elsewhere

failure to notice a change in an environment due to selective attention

sensory register-->selective filter-->perceptual process(I recognize that voice as my friends)-->conscious (deciding how to respond)

problem? if you selectively filter everything then you wouldn't be able to hear your name in a crowded room.

Sensory register--> perceptual process->selective filter-->conscious

states that you do register and assign meaning to shit but that your selective filter decides what to send to your conscious
problem? too much energy required to assign meaning to everything

instead of the selective filter we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn't eliminate something from the unattended ear.

Sensory register-->attenuator-->perceptual process-->conscious

exposure to one stimulus can alter our perception of another or subsequent stimulus (due to implicit memory)

states that attention is a limited resource and that we suck ass at multi-tasking

task similarity (more similar is more difficult), task difficulty, practice(prior experience)

input-->process-->output

Our senses are like computer: input (keyboard or sensory organs)->process (CPU or working memory)-> storage (hard drive or long term memory) -> output

bottom-up - why? because it is STIMULUS DRIVEN

like the sensory register. composed of iconic and echoic. iconic is what you see, lasts a few seconds.

echoic is what you hear, lasting 3-4 seconds

AKA short term memory. consists of what you are thinking of in the exact moment. 7 units of information (+or- 2) available.

Helps with reasoning and comprehension. A breakdown prevents brain from properly processing and encoding info which could lead one to reach incorrect conclusions and remember things incorrectly.

part of working memory involving processing visual and spatial info

verbal info being processed (any words or numbers in iconic or echoic memory) (think: repeating something to yourself again to remember it)

coordinates the visuo-spatial, phonological loops, and episodic buffer to assist in coding long term memory

theorized to integrate the other functions, known as the phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie.

composed of explicit and implicit memories, theoretically unlimited

aka declarative

facts/events you can clearly/explicitly describe

unconscious - priming, habits, conditioning (knowing how to ride a bike)

its a part of explicit memory, specifically referring to birthdays/holidays and shit

procedural

processing info and transferring it into long-term memory

saying the same shit again and again, is the least effective encoding technique

grouping pieces of info together to improve encoding

verbal "anchor" to a word or piece of info.

1 is a gun
2 is a shoe
3 is a tree

useful for encoding things that need to be memorized in order

relating new info to yourself to help encoding

spacing out study sessions instead of cramming

trying to bring back a memory from long term memory into working memory

-priming (– prior activation of nodes/associations, often without our awareness. Ex. hearing a story about apple and asked to name word starting with A.)-context (the environment you encode and take the test (retrieve the information) is
helpful)
-state-dependant (your state at the moment you encode. When you are in a certain
mood when you encode you can then remember it when you are in the same mood)

recall without any cue

also known as primacy\/recency effects, remember things at beginning and end of list better

recall that follows a "cue" of some sort

keeping track of where a piece of information came from

very vivid/strong memory created in moment of high emotion

increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse (connections between nuerons stengthen). key component of learning.

when a memory is unable to be retrieved. may still exist

new learning impairs old information/memory.

something from prior memory affects new learning

E.g. writing down the old year after Jan 1

implicit memory and recognition abilities

free and cued recall, forming episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention, prospective memory (remembering to do things in future)

semantic memory, emotional reasoning, crystallized IQ

the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory

buildup of amyloid plaques in brain

similar to AD, causes severe memory deficits, confabulation (mmaking up stories to fill memory gaps) however NOT progressive (treatment can make you better).

main cause is malnutrition/lack of thiamine or vitamin B1. common in alcoholics.

precursor to Korsakoff's syndrome, left untreated it will progress to Korsakoff's. Symptoms are poor balance, abnormal eye movements, mild confusion, and/or memory loss

inability to recall previously encoded information

inability to encode new memories

theoretical model of memory encoding in brain. consists of related "nodes"

one cue/memory stimulates retrieval of other related memories

sensorimotor stage

-0-2 years
-sensorimotor
-Important aspects: development of object permanence and of stranger anxiety

2-6 years oldpreoperational
Important aspects: Engage in pretend play, egocentric (don't understand other people have different point of view)

7-11 yearsconcrete operational
Important aspects: develop conservation, empathy, math skills

11+formal operational
Important aspects: – reason abstract
consequences, and reason consequences; moral reasoning. At this point children
are reasoning more like adults and they continue to develop that overtime

concrete operational

formal operational

a mental model/framework for how we view the world

trying to fit things into an existing schema (ss=same schema)

formulating a new schema to interpret new shit, or modifying existing schema

problem with a clear start and end point

has more ambiguous starting and ending point

a mental shortcut to find solution faster than trial&error or algorithmic (using your birthday to guess a password)

repeatedly trying all possible combinations to solve something

solving problems using a set step by step method

a heuristic where you break a large problem down into smaller problems and attack the one that creates the greatest difference between your current state and desired state

ex: planning trip to another country - biggest problem - book a plane ticket to a new country

relying on instinct (high chance of error)

getting stuck with the wrong approach to solving a problem

false positive

false negative

using examples that come to mind (shark attacks vs fireworks example) Doesn't usually work since our easily memorable experiences don't usually match the real state of the world

ACTUAL MEMORIES

when you look for a representative prototype and use that to make decisions/inferences (Ex: Linda is outspoken and very bright, majored in philosophy and as a student she participated in antinuclear demonstrations and organizations that fought
discrimination. What is more likely? Linda is a Feminist bank teller or a bank
teller. Most people will say she is more like a feminist bank teller even if they
don’t know feminists or anyone like Linda. She fits you prototype of how a
feminist would act (she is representative of a feminist).

People tend to think the probability of 2 events
occurring together is higher than the probability of one alone (ex. Linda being a
bank teller and feminist is greater than just being a bank teller. However
statistically speaking there are more bank tellers than feminist bank tellers so it’s
more likely she is just a bank teller than a feminist + bank teller, which your
instincts might be telling you)

ignoring facts that challenge your beliefs, or go against what you believe

actively seeking out only things that confirm what you believe or only having confirmatory things available to you

there is one underlying "g factor" that determines how intelligent people are at all tasks. person who scores high in one area will score high in another. Backed by research

academic ability to solve well defined problemsability to take apart problems and see solutions not often seen (this is what IQ measures)

ability to adapt to new situations and generate new novel ideas to solve new problems

"street smarts" Ability to apply creative and analytical intelligence skills to everyday situations

ability to reason quickly and abstractly "think on ones feet"the ability to analyze novel problems (using deductive and inductive reasoning), identify patterns and relationships that underpin these problems and the extrapolation of these using logic

ability to use acquired skills/knowledge over the years (includes reading comprehension)

L.L Thurnstone-there are 7 factors to intelligence (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)

Howard Gardner-7-9 very different types of intelligence that don't affect one another (logical-mathematical intelligence, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical. Later 2 added: naturalist, and existential intelligence)

Robert Sternberg-there are 3 independent intelligences that are based on real world success (analytical, creative, and practical)
"3 sides of same coin", inclusive of all other theories

left

any disorder involving language

"broken speech", trouble speaking, halting/jarring speech but you can understand what people are saying

NON-FLUENT APHASIA (THEY CANT TALK FOR SHIT)

PICTURE BARACK OBAMA - GOOD AT SPEECHES

"fluent aphasia", nothing the person says makes logical sense and you have trouble understanding. receptive aphasia

(FLUENT APHASIA - THEY CAN TALK)

wernicke's and broca's aphasia put together

the arcuate fasciculus

when the arcuate fasciculus(connection between Wernicke's and Broca's) is broken, cannot connect the two things. difficult to repeat things that are said to you

inability to write

inability to name things

thought determines language completely.

Ex: New Guinea only have 2 words for color because they only think about dark and light. If they had other thoughts, they would develop more words for color

when children learn to think in a certain way they develop language to explain those thoughts
Ex: When develop object permanence, create words like hide or hidden or away

language and thought are both independent, but converge through
development. Eventually learn to use them at same time via socialization -
Believed children developed language through social interaction with adults who
already knew the language

aka relativism-language influences thought. makes it easier for us to think in ways our language is structured

Ex: language reads left to right so you draw something left to right

aka Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis-language determines thought COMPLETELY.

Ex: tribe of ppl who don't have grammar for past tense dont think about time the same way we do

babies have "language acquisition device" that is most active during the "critical period" up until 8 years old. associated with Noam Chomsky

babies learn language through operant conditioning from parents - BF skinner

ex. Child learns to say “mama” because every time they say that, mom reinforces child

associated with Vygotsky. states that childrens desire to communicate with others, such as adults in their life, leads them to develop language

Biological and social factors have to interact for children to learn language

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, PFC

Ex: hippo(campus) wearing a HAT

sensory relay station. smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus

negative emotions, fear, stress anxiety, aggression. stimulating it produces above and destroying one gives mellowing affect

destruction of the amygdala results in decreased inhibition, hyperorality, hypersexuality

converts short term memory into long term memory.

control of autonomic nervous system and basic drives (food thirst sleep sex). Also controls pituitary gland

left
right

what makes us "human". higher level thinking, control over actions/emotions

"fight or flight"pupils dilate, increase HR, Respiration Rate, glucose level, adrenaline (epinephrine)

decrease digestion/salivation

"rest and digest". pupils CONSTRICT, increase salivation, glucose STORAGE, digestion

decrease HR, RR, adrenaline

how you are perceiving/thinking about the situation

body language/facial expressions

EEEEEEEKman

Paul Ekman

happy, sad, surprised, fear, anger, disgust, New: contempt

Event-->Physiologic Response-->Interpretation-->Emotion

Interpreting the physiological signs resulting from an event

Ex2: A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. The man’s heart
beat increases, he starts sweating, and he interprets these physiological
changes as the emotion fear.

MNEMONIC: JAMES BOND - he's all about action - when an event happens - our body has ACTION happen first (physiological response) - then we interpret

Event-->Physiologic Response+Emotion

Emotion+Physiologic response happens at same time
Ex: holding your cat (event) causes your heart rate (physiological
response) to increase and feel joy (emotion) at the same time.

mnemonic: picture a bad cannon splitting a cannonball into two (simultaneous)

Event-> PR + Identify reason for the situation
(PR) (consciously)-> Emotion

Ex: Holding your cat (event)-> Physiological response of increase HR/or
changes in NT level-> label the situation and identify reason for
physiological response and event (This is really nice, I like holding my cat,
this makes me happy)-> emotion (Happy)

Requires identifying reason for response

imagine a singer - doesn't know their voice is good - when she finished everyone is clapping for her. event first, which leads to a physiological arousal (clapping), and then she interpets the clapping and realizes that shes a good singer (labeling) then experiences the emotion

Event-->label event(as good\/bad)-->emotion+physiologic response

Requires labeling of event before experiencing emotion and physiologic response at same time

Ex. Event (holding cat)-> labeling situation as good->emotion (joy) + physiological response.

Lazarus - Labeling

AKA cognitive appraisal theory

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats/challenges.

event that is threatening/challenging

physical/emotional response to a stressor

Richard Lazarus- stress arises less from physical events but more from the assessment/interpretation of those stresses/events. Appraisal. There are two stages to the cognitive stages of stress – the primary
appraisal and the secondary appraisal.

Initial assessment of stressor. Can be irrelevant, benign/helpful, or negative. If negative move to secondary appraisal. Nothing to do with intensity of it, just whether its negative or not

evaluation of your ability to cope with the situation. Determine intensity and risk of sressor. Based on Harm, threat, and challenge of stressor

(1) significant life changes - college, kids, married

(2) catastrophic events - war, tornadoes

(3) daily hassles(most harmful)

(4) ambient stressors (pollution, noise, crowding)

adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (norepi/epi), adrenal cortex releases cortisol (steroid hormone redistributes glucose energy in body and suppressing immune system)

oxytocin, respond to stress using support system

1) Alarm phase (stress rxn kicks in)2) Resistance (fleeing, huddling,cortisol high, BP and RR high)
3) Exhaustion (resources depleted, tired, dampered immune system)

Hans Selye
LOOK AT GRAPH as resistance to strss

learn from having control taken from you that you have no control so you lose ability to identify and use coping mechanisms

perceived control (low socioeconomic status)

optimism

social support

cerebrum

midbrain

pons/medulla/cerebellum

motor, sensory, automatic(reflexes)

cognition, consciousness, emotion

efferent PNS neuron that synapses on motor unit for skeletal muscle contraction to form a neuromuscular junction

loss of muscle volume (lower motor neuron sign)

involuntary "twitch" of (lower motor neuron sign)

decrease in tone of skeletal muscle – how much muscle is
contracted when person is relaxed (lower motor neuron sign)

decreased reflexive response to stimulation (lower motor neuron sign)

afferent (stimulus), efferent (response).

causes a muscle to contact after it’s stretched, as a protective response

Somatosensory neurons (afferent) in muscle spindles form excitatory synapse in
spinal cord with another neuron in the spinal cord, which sends axon out back to
same muscle that was stretched, and excite skeletal muscle cells to contract –
lower motor neurons (efferent)

knee jerk:

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland cells

efferent neurons

mostly neural soma

mostly myelinated axons

inside. white is on outside

on the outside, white is on inside

control lower motor neurons

the cerebral cortex, synapse in spinal cord

when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in spinal cord

when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in brainstem

(1) hyperreflexia (increases in muscle stretch reflex, bigger reflexes)

(2) clonus (rhythmic contractions of muscles-repeated reflexes)

(3) hypertonia (– increased tone of skeletal muscles. Increase muscle tension, reduce muscle stretch)

(4) extensor plantar response (babinski!!)

opposite side

increase surface area

prefrontal cortex (executive function, supervise/direct other areas of brain)

motor cortex (voluntary body movement)

Broca's area (speech production)

somatosensory cortex (touch/pressure/pain)

spacial manipulation (orient in 3D)

Proprioception

vision, AKA "striate" cortex

hearing- Wernicke's area (primary auditory cortex) memory- hippo
emotion- amygdala

Learning as well

left side of brain controls right side of body & vice versa (applies to all senses but smell and taste)

medulla, pons, midbrain, reticular formation. basic functions like HR and RR. connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex and spinal cord

fine motor control/voluntary movement. proprioception

The cerebellum is critical for motor learning, which occurs whenever an organism repeatedly practices a motor task, such as swimming, driving, or speaking. Motor learning is the foundation for procedural memory, the acquisition of which relies heavily on the cerebellum. Because the mice were tested in the Morris Water Maze each day for one week, the cerebellum would be involved in motor learning of this skill.

The cerebellum is also responsible for integrating information from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems to maintain balance and posture, coordinate complex movements requiring multiple muscles, and control precision of fine motor movements. The cerebellum also receives feedback from the body regarding the position of body parts in space and relative to each other (proprioception)

FRONTAL LOBE IS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT NOT MOTOR COORDINATION YOU IDIOT

regulates sleep/waking and relaxing

motivation and alertness. filters info and sends important shit to the thalamus. sleep wake cycle/awareness(think: 'tickled')